DNA

flat =To begin our conversations about DNA...= media type="custom" key="24755736"

= Vocab = Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double Helix Denaturation Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Nitrogen Bases Covalent Bonds Base Pair Replication DNA Polymerase Telomeres Transcription Translation Codon

=DNA notes= == = = =DNA structure=

=DNA webquest=

=DNA scientists rubric=


 * CATEGORY || ** 4 ** || ** 3 ** || ** 2 ** || ** 1 ** ||
 * ** Originality ** || Product shows a large amount of original thought. Ideas are creative and inventive. || Product shows some original thought. Work shows new ideas and insights. || Uses other people\'s ideas (giving them credit), but there is little evidence of original thinking. || Uses other people\'s ideas, but does not give them credit. ||
 * ** Content ** || Covers topic in-depth with details and examples. Subject knowledge is excellent. || Includes essential knowledge about the topic. Subject knowledge appears to be good. || Includes essential information about the topic but there are 1-2 factual errors. || Content is minimal OR there are several factual errors. ||
 * ** Requirements ** || All requirements are met and exceeded. || All requirements are met. || One requirement was not completely met. || More than one requirement was not completely met. ||
 * ** Oral Presentation ** || Interesting, well-rehearsed with smooth delivery that holds audience attention. || Relatively interesting, rehearsed with a fairly smooth delivery that usually holds audience attention. || Delivery not smooth, but able to hold audience attention most of the time. || Delivery not smooth and audience attention lost. ||
 * ** Cooperation ** || Worked cooperatively with partner all the time with no need for adult intervention. || Worked cooperatively with partner most of time but had a few problems that the team resolved themselves. || Worked cooperatively with partner most of the time, but had one problem that required adult intervention. || Worked cooperatively with partners some of the time, but had several problems that required adult intervention. ||
 * Helpful website to look at! www.dnaftb.org**


 * Requirements –**
 * The main achievement of the scientist was addressed
 * The work of the scientist was related to at least two of the other scientists
 * Presentation was kept under 5 minutes

Write a one page summary covering the following scientists, be sure to include the main accomplishment of each scientist and relate their findings to one of the other scientists. Fredrick Griffith - Oswald Avery - Alfred Hershey + Martha Chase - Erwin Chargaff - Rosalind Franklin - James Watson + Francis Crick
 * Scientists Make up assignment**

=DNA Replication=

=Replication/Structure General Notes= media type="custom" key="25058536" = =

=DNA replication model project= your own words about telomeres, okazaki fragments, dna ligase, telomerase, cancer, transplanted cells, cloning, and aging.
 * Use Scratch, Draw.to, [], add drawings in word, use any paint program, or hand draw and photograph to show DNA replication.
 * Be sure to show individual steps in some manner on your diagram and add a sentence or two describing what is happening.
 * You must have 9 bases on your DNA strand I.
 * Include a key or label your diagram to show what each item is..
 * Write a brief description of what happens in DNA replication and in what phase of mitosis DNA replication happens.
 * Use the following site [] to create information in

Students will model DNA and show the steps of DNA replication || **2 pts** || ** Fair ** **5 pts** || ** Good ** **9 pts** || ** Excellent ** **10 pts** ||  || **10 pts** Drawing/model is accurate showing all essential components (sugar/phosphate backbone, all 4 bases, double helix) || Many components of DNA are missing or not labeled and base pairs are not correctly matching. || One or two components involved in making DNA are missing or mislabeled || All components are labeled properly || All components are labeled properly and show an extra effort for clarity and detail and ALL bases are labeled. Model is showing the DNA ladder. Base pairs are correct. ||  || **10 pts** Shows DNA unzipping || Does not show DNA unzipping || DNA unzipped and not labeled || DNA unzipped but partially labeled (not all bases labeled) || DNA is shown unzipped with bases labeled with correct letter ||   || **10 pts** Shows that nucleotides are used to build other halves of DNA || Does not show new halves of DNA being built. || Shows something being built, but model is unclear || Correct nucleotides used to build other halves of DNA but not labeled. || Correct nucleotides used and labeled to build other (new) halves of DNA going in the correct direction ||  || **10 pts** Shows two identical copies of DNA || Does not show two new molecules of identical DNA strands. || Two molecules of DNA that are identical to the original DNA but is not in a ladder format and is not labeled. || Two molecules of DNA that are identical to the original DNA but is not in a ladder format and is labeled. || Two molecules of DNA that are identical to the original DNA. It is completely labeled (bases labeled correctly) and is in a ladder format. ||  || **10 pts** Explains the purpose of DNA replication and what could go wrong if there are mistakes (mutations). || Does not give an explanation as to the purpose of DNA replication and does not give examples of genetic mutations. || Gives an explanation of the purpose of DNA replication but does not give examples of genetic mutations. || Explains thoroughly the purpose of DNA replication and provides general examples of mutations || Explains thoroughly the purpose of DNA replication including all the steps and discusses what phase of mitosis replication occurs. Explains mutations as well as including information about telomeres, okazaki fragments, dna ligase, telomerase, cancer, transplanted cells, cloning, and aging. ||  || =DNA Games= [] @http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/builddna/
 * =** DNA Replication Model Project Rubric **=
 * || ** Poor **
 * ** Model **
 * ** First step of DNA replication **
 * ** New halves of DNA built **
 * ** Two molecules of DNA **
 * ** Why DNA needs to copy **

=Electrophoresis Questions= 1. What caused the DNA fragments to migrate through the gel? 2. Would you expect your personal DNA fingerprint to be identical to any of the persons tested in this lab? Explain how you would confirm or refute this. 3. Based on the results of your gel, what evidence do you have to present to the court concerning this murder case? 4. Could these DNA samples have been distinguished from one another if only enzyme 1 had been used? Why or why not? 5. Why did you use two different restriction enzymes for each suspect and the evidence from the crime scene?

=DNA structure and replication review=

=Protein synthesis= media type="custom" key="25105014"

Webquest
Resources that can help you: [] []

=DNA's secret code=

=__**Transcription/Translation Flip Book**__=

As we begin to look at the process of protein synthesis (transcription/translation), you will be creating a "flip book" of the entire process. As we will soon learn, protein synthesis is the process of copying a segment of DNA that codes for the production of proteins (gene). Proteins are one of the four main macro-molecules (other three consisting of carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Others form important cellular structures, while still others transport substances into and out of cells or help to fight disease.



After trying out a few different submission methods with the DNA Replication Model, we have found that creating a PowerPoint and uploading that file to Slide Share is the most efficient method. However, if you prefer another program then by all means, use it! Here is how to upload your file to Slide Share and embed within your Wiki:
 * 1) Go to www.slideshare.net and log in using our common classroom's log in info (see me for username/password).
 * 2) Click the orange "upload" link located at the top of the page.
 * 3) Click the orange "upload" link that appears another time on the next page.
 * 4) Find and select your file.
 * 5) Enter a unique Title. For example, I would name my file "mrrowanflipbook"
 * 6) You will now click on the link that says "view"
 * 7) At the top of your slideshow, there will be an option labeled "Embed", copy the ENTIRE code provided!
 * 8) In your individual Wiki, select "Edit"
 * 9) Scroll to the bottom of your wiki and type the heading "Transcription/Translation Flip Book" using the 1. Heading format
 * 10) Place the cursor underneath your newly created heading, and then click the "Widget" option (located top-center, blue T.V icon alongside)
 * 11) From the list of options on the left of the popped up window, select "Other HTML" and paste your Embed code into the box.
 * 12) Save from that window, then save again from your Wiki, and you're all done!

[]

=Snorks!= = Protein Synthesis Review Questions = = = = Gene regulation = media type="custom" key="24762968"
 * 1) What are the steps of transcription?
 * 2) What are the steps of translation?
 * 3) List three differences between DNA and RNA
 * 4) List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it)
 * 5) What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA?
 * 6) Which molecule contains the genetic code?
 * 7) Be sure you can transcribe a gene and determine the complementary amino acids.
 * 8) Be sure you can identify all the parts (see flip book requirement list) of both transcription and translation.

ttp://www.mobento.com/video/wSLG68fjj?sid=&back=%2Fsearch%2F%3Fcategory%3D10&category=10 = Additional Help = Need help with replication? Visit []

If you are having trouble with protein synthesis visit the following website! []

= Lab: DNA Extraction from Human Cheek Cells =


 * Introduction **

DNA…you hear about it all the time. DNA is used every day by scientists and lawyers to help in criminal investigation, paternity suits, cloning, etc. Your DNA is your “genetic fingerprint”—this means that your DNA is like no one else’s in the world! The procedure that we will use to see your DNA includes the same basic processes that researchers use to isolate, analyze, and manipulate DNA in a laboratory setting (although the DNA isolated here is not nearly as “pure” as the research lab version).

If you remember back to Chapter 2, DNA is a nucleic acid, made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous. DNA can be considered the hereditary “code of life” because it possesses the information that determines an organism’s characteristic and is transmitted from one generation to the next. You receive half of your genes from your mother and half from your father. Day to day, DNA’s job is to direct the functioning within the cells of your body.

DNA is in the nucleus of almost every cell in your body. The length of DNA per cell is about 100,000 times as long as the cell itself. However, DNA only takes up about 10% of the cell’s volume. This is because DNA is specially packaged through a series of events to fit easily in the cell’s nucleus. The structure of DNA, the double helix, is wrapped around proteins, folded back onto itself, and coiled into a compact chromosome.

Individual chromosomes can be studied using microscopes, but the double helix of a chromosome is so thin that it only be detected through innovative, high-tech procedures. Chromosomal DNA from a single cell is not visible to the naked eye. However, when chromosomal DNA is extracted from multiple cells, the amassed quantity can easily be seen and looks like strands of mucous-like, translucent cotton.

We will first collect cheek cells by swishing a sports drink in our mouths and using our teeth to scrape cells off our cheeks. (The more vigorous and the longer that you swish, the more cells are removed, and the more materials you’ll have from which to extract DNA.) Then, we will lyse the cell membranes by adding a detergent based cell lysis solution, which allows the DNA to be freed. DNA is soluble in water, but much less soluble in alcohol. Thus, alcohol will be slowly added, and DNA will precipitate to the sports drink/alcohol interface, and you will be able to see your own DNA! The white, stringy material is thousands of DNA molecules stuck together (with some proteins too).


 * Procedure **
 * 1) Label your 15mL test tube with a piece of tape and your initials
 * 2) Add a drops of Dawn dish detergent to your test tube (about 0.25 ml)
 * 3) Obtain a small cup of sports drink and swish it around in your mouth for __1 full minute__. As you swish, gently and continuously scrape the sides of your cheeks with your teeth to help release your cheek cells.
 * 4) Spit the drink (with your collected cheek cells) back into the small cup.
 * 5) Pour the contents of the cup into your labeled test tube until the test tube is half full (discard the cup.)
 * 6) Add a pinch of meat tenderizer.
 * 7) Put your finger over your test tube, and invert it 5-8 times. (This mixes the lysis solution with the cheek cells.)
 * 8) Allow this to stand for 10 minutes.
 * 9) Using the provided pipet, add the cold alcohol //by letting it run gently run down the side of the test tube (hold the test tube at an angle)//. The alcohol will form a separate layer from the rest of your solution. Add the alcohol until 2 cm of alcohol layer is above the rest of your solution. You should have 2 distinct layers. __DO NOT__ mix the cheek cell solution with the alcohol!!!
 * 10) Watch as wispy strands of translucent DNA begin to clump together where the alcohol layer meets the cheek cell solution. (It kind of looks like cobwebs extending upward.)
 * 11) Place your 15mL test tube in a test tube rack and let it stand undisturbed for 15 minutes. During this time the DNA will continue to precipitate out.
 * 12) Optional—use a plastic pipet to transfer your DNA into a smaller test tube. To do so, place the pipet near the DNA and draw the DNA into the pipet (along with some alcohol). __Do not__ move your pipet up and down into the bottom layer.


 * __ Discussion Questions - POST on your team page! __ **

***Please answer in complete sentences where you __restate the question in your answer. ( 4 points)__


 * 1) What are the 5 elements that make up DNA?
 * 2) What is the function of DNA from day to day?
 * 3) Describe how long strands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell.
 * 4) What was the purpose of using the detergent as a cell lysis solution?
 * 5) Why does the DNA become visible once the alcohol is added?
 * 6) If DNA is so thin, how is it that we are able to see it during this simple lab exercise?
 * 7) Why is DNA referred to as your genetic fingerprint?
 * 8) Give some examples of how DNA is used everyday.

ALSO post a picture of the best sample of DNA that your group had.

Makeup activity: DNA extraction virtual lab []

Answer the same 8 questions above as well as the homework question. Turn in the 8 questions on paper.

= Night owl or early bird? = There is a gene that determines it...