Alex+E.

= = =flat= =Cell Size Lab= 1. After the three cubes were cut in half, we saw that the solution had penetrated all three agar cubes the same depth. It went in ½ a centimeter. On the larges agar cube, there was still a 2 cm square where the solution could not reach because of the thickness. On the 2x2 agar cube, there was a 1 cm spot where the solution could not reach. Finally, on the smallest agar cube, the solution was able to move through the entire cube because of how thin it was.

2. The smaller one seemed to be more efficient at getting outside substances in rather than the larger one. Since the smaller was skinnier that the larger one, it was able to get more substance in in the amount of time we let it soak. The larger one was less efficient because it was too thick for the solution to get to the center of it in the amount of time we let it soak.

3. The surface area to volume ratio explains what we saw in the cells and tells how fast the solution diffused into the "cell".

4.If the cell were smaller, more solute would be able to get into it in less time, making it more efficient than a larger one.

=Protists=

=You are what you eat=

You are What You Eat

I think that this saying is true in many aspects of body function. It makes sense that you are what you eat because what ever is in the food you are eating becomes the energy in you body. For example, if you eat a food with a lot of carbs such as, pasta, the next day you will feel like you have more energy than usual because those carbs have entered the cells inside you body. It goes like this for any type of food. If you eat foods that contain healthy ingredients then you will feel energized. If you eat foods that are not very healthy for you, you will feel tired and not want to do anything.

Questions Do certain foods make you feel more energized or does your brain just make you think and feel like that because you think its true?

Do certain chemicals in foods make you feel better or worse? =Biomolecules in Foods=
 * 1) Your data from the food you tested.
 * Food || Simple Sugars || Starch || Protein || Fats and Oils ||
 * Coke || Positive || Negative || Negative || Negative ||

There is sugar in coca-cola, so the results were correct when the test said that sugars were present. There are no starches in coke because it doesn’t say anything about starches on the nutrition fact label. There is no protein in coke because the test came back negative and on cokes nutritional facts label, it say there is 0 grams of protein. There is no fats in coke because it is not the type of substance that can contain fat. I decided to research all fruits that contain protein. Some fruits that contain protein are, pears, pineapples, plums, strawberries, bannanas, cherries, and watermelons. I did not expect for protein to be in the more acidic fruits such as oranges and pineapples so that was one thing that surprised me. Once protein enters the body, it begins to be broken down. The protein that is not used for energy is stored as fat or muscle that can be used at a later time. Link: http://www.livestrong.com/article/277947-what-fruit-and-vegetables-contain-protein/ = Enzymes Homework =
 * 1) Research the biomolecules (nutritional information) that are found in the food that you tested. Which tests should have been positive (present) or negative (absent) based upon your research?
 * 1) Compare foods of your choice (for example, looking at all fruits or foods that contain carbs). Be sure to include foods that you did not test. Discuss the results of the tests (the biomolecules that make up these foods.) Make a statement about the biomolecules in the foods, what happens to these foods in your body (what they are used for), and any other information you found interesting through research. Remember to include a link to your sources of information.


 * 1) Write the equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

The equation for hydrogen peroxide is, 2H202+02


 * 1) How did the amount of reaction change between room temperature, warm, and cold hydrogen peroxide?

All three temperatures had the same effect on the liver and beef which are both meats (there was a reaction). However, on the two vegetables we tested all three temperatures also had the same effect (there was no reaction).


 * 1) What large group of biomolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) does catalase belong to? What do members of this group have in common?

Catalase belongs to the group proteins because it is an enzyme. The think that members of this group have in common is they are enzymes so their names end in –ase.


 * 1) Is it possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase? Explain.

Yes it is possible because enzymes always fit to their corresponding substrate unless they become denatured.


 * 1) What happens to an organism if biomolecules like catalase become useless? Explain

If the biomolecule, catalase, would become useless it would result in the organism not functioning properly and making it die. If this would happen, there wouldn’t be any catalysts to make the chemical reactions occur fast enough for the organism to function. = DNA Replication = media type="custom" key="25077732" =Electrophoresis Questions= The electric current pulls the DNA fragments to move through the gel. 2. Would you expect your personal DNA fingerprint to be identical to any of the persons tested in this lab? Explain how you would confirm or refute this. I would not expect my fingerprint to be identical to anyone else’s. This is because no two pieces of DNA are the same, so no two fingerprints can be the same.
 * 1) What caused the DNA fragments to migrate through the gel?

3. Based on the results of your gel, what evidence do you have to present to the court concerning this murder case? Suspect 2 has corresponding DNA to the DNA samples that were found at the crime scene.

4. Could these DNA samples have been distinguished from one another if only enzyme 1 had been used? Why or why not? No because we would only have one example of DNA that is similar to the DNA at the crime scene.

5. Why did you use two different restriction enzymes for each suspect and the evidence from the crime scene? So if the first enzyme shows that they are all the same, the second enzyme might show that only two of the DNA samples are the same. =Protein Synthesis Flipbook= =media type="custom" key="25200606"= =Protein Synthesis Review= RNA Polymerase temporarily unwinds the DNA strand in order to synthesize it onto an RNA molecule. The new strand of mRNA then moves through the nucleus, goes out the nuclear pore, and heads toward a ribosome. The mRNA strand enters a ribosome. A molecule called tRNA comes along with amino acids and complementary anti-codons. The codons temporarily join together so the tRNA and amino acid fall off. This step repeats until the stop codon is reached. The amino acids form a peptide bond with each other and then fold up to become a functional protein. DNA is a double stranded helix, it is composed of the sugar deoxyribose, and it had adenine pairing with thymine. RNA is single stranded, composed of the sugar ribose, and has adenine pairing with uracil. rRNA- used to join amino acids in a protein; takes place in nucleus and ribosome tRNA- carries amino acids and anti codons inside of the ribosome mRNA- carries the protein blueprint from a cells DNA to its ribosomes; located in the cytoplasm RNA Polymerase DNA molecule = Turner Syndrome =
 * What are the steps of transcription?
 * What are the steps of translation?
 * List three differences between DNA and RNA
 * List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it)
 * What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA?
 * Which molecule contains the genetic code?

Turner Syndrome


 * 1) Turner Syndrome is a chromosomal mutation.
 * 2) The disease can also be called Ullrich-Turner Syndrome.
 * 3) There are many symptoms to Turner Syndrome such as, characteristic facial features, or problems the reproductive system.
 * 4) This occurs in 1 in 2000 to 1 in 5000 phenotypic females.
 * 5) Turner Syndrome is caused by the absence of two complete copies of the X chromosome in some or all cells.

[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome - Cause] =Intro Activity to Fuel Economy= Alex Eberhart


 * 1) The relationships between the fuel economy and the taxes vary from country to country. If the tax is low in a country, the fuel economy is also going to be low. If the tax is high in a country, then the fuel economy will be high.


 * 1) In the United States the most used type of transport are automobiles, in the Netherlands it is cycling, in France it is taking the train, in Germany it is taking the bus, in the UK it is by automobiles, in Spain it is traveling by trains, and in Canada it is traveling by ferry boats.


 * 1) We can draw the conclusion that if a country relies more upon transportation that requires fuel, the fuel is going the cost more money in that country and cause a lower fuel economy.