Ryan

flat =Cell Size Lab:=

1. After we cut the cubes of agar in half I noticed there were many similarities and differences. First, one of the similarities is the cubes turned a purple/pink color after sitting in the solution for ten minutes. They were originally white/clear in color. They changed because of the chemical reaction between the agar cubes and the solution. Another similarity is all of the three cubes absorbed the solution. The solution soaked .5 centimeters into all of the cubes. Next, a difference would be the amount of agar in the middle of the cube that was not affected by the solution. There was a lot more not affected in the 3x3x3 cube than in the 2x2x2 and the 1x1x1. In the 1x1x1 cube, the solution soaked through the entire thing. A second difference is all of the cubes were different sizes. Finally, those are the similarities and differences between the three cubes of agar.

2. The cell that seemed to be the most efficient at getting outside substances was the 1x1x1, or the smallest cube. I think this because there was little to none of the agar cube left that was untouched by the solution. It soaked about the whole way through. The cell that seemed to be the least efficient at getting outside substances was the 3x3x3, or the biggest cube. It is the least efficient because the solution only soaked in .5 centimeters. This means that there was two centimeters that were not affected by the solution. Finally, that is why the 3x3x3 is the least efficient and the 1x1x1 is the most efficient.

3. The calculations that seemed to explain what I was observing were the distance and rate of diffusion. I think this because we observed how long the cubes were in the solution and what effect this had on the cubes. The effect was how far the solution went into the cubes of agar, which is the distance of diffusion. To calculate the rate, we used the formula, R=d/t and to calculate the distance we just measured, in centimeters, how far the solution soaked into the cubes.

4.If the cell size is smaller, then the cell will be more efficient at getting outside substances.

=Protist Lab:=



Interesting Facts:


 * 1) It is named for a Greek hero in the Trojan War.
 * 2) They can either be free swimming or can be attached to submerged vegetation.
 * 3) It is one of the largest protozoa found in water.
 * 4) They can regenerate.

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=You are what you eat:=

The saying, you are what you eat, has many meanings, but what does it mean to me? Well, I think it means that what you eat affects what condition your body is in. If all you eat is foods with a lot of fat and sugar in them, then you will have more fat than normal. If you eat a lot of healthy foods, you will be skinny. If you balance out your nutrition, you will be a normal weight and in shape. In conclusion, that is what I think the saying, you are what you eat, means.

How will the way I eat now affect me in the future? How does taking vitamins everyday help you? Are diseases hereditary? What effect does eating unhealthy have on my body? = = =Biomolecule in Foods lab:=

Iodine (Starches)-Positive Biuret (Proteins)-Negative Benedict Test (Simple Sugars)-Negative Sudan IV (Fats and Oils)-Positive
 * Processed Oatmeal:**

2. After doing research I found that the tests I did were accurate. The test showed that Processed oatmeal has starch. After I researched this I found that it contains about twelve percent of it. The tests also showed that the oatmeal has fats and oils in it. Research proved this and I found that it contains mostly healthy fats. The Benedict and Biuret tests showed that oatmeal was negative for proteins and simple sugars but oatmeal contains a tiny amount of both of these. It wasn’t a big enough amount to show up in the tests but it is still in the oatmeal.

3. The foods I chose to compare are an apple and an avocado because they are both fruits. The tests concluded that the avocado has proteins, fats and oils but does not have simple sugars and starches. The apple only has simple sugars and doesn’t have starches, proteins, or fats and oils. I find it very surprising that the fruits do not contain some of the same biomolecules. Apples do many good things for your body including, decreasing your risk of diabetes, reducing your cholesterol, boosting your immune system, and helping you get a healthier heart. Avocados also do many good things. Avocados contain heart-healthy monounsaturated fatty acids, and have rich amounts of folate, vitamin E, magnesium and potassium. They help reduce bad cholesterol, slow the spread of cancer cells and promote healthy skin.

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=Biomolecule Extra Credit:=

How will the way I eat now affect me in the future? The way I eat now will either result in bad or good health. If I eat healthy my body will most likely be healthy in the future but if I eat unhealthy I have a higher risk of getting heart disease, Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. I really did not know that eating unhealthy could give me these health conditions in the future.

How does taking vitamins everyday help you? Taking a vitamin will help you if you do not get all of the nutrients our bodies need. They give you the nutrients needed to keep all of you organs maintained. I kind of figured that this is how vitamins helped you but I wasn’t completely sure.

Are diseases hereditary? After doing research, I found that some diseases are hereditary. This surprises me because I didn’t think that they could be passed down.

What effect does eating unhealthy have on my body? Eating Unhealthy does not have a good effect on my body. Unhealthy foods can clog my arteries, which results in heart disease. They also, like I mentioned in the first question, raise blood pressure and cause Type 2 diabetes. Eating unhealthy can affect your body in many bad ways.

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=DNA Replication=

media type="youtube" key="-Qb6Oj3b0fQ" width="560" height="315"

The purpose of Replication is to grow new cells, pass on genetic material and pass on the genome to daughter cells. DNA Replication occurs in Interphase, more specifically the S-Phase. Damage to DNA is fixed and detected during this phase.
 * DNA Replication**

A mutation is a permanent change in the sequence of DNA. Mutations can occur in many ways. One way a mutation can occur is if chromosomes become attached. Telomeres, which are located at the ends of the chromosome, prevent this from happening. When the lagging strand is synthesized, the okazaki fragments are connected by DNA Ligase. The 5’ end of the strand cannot be completed, which results in a shortened telomere. After so many mitotic divisions, the telomeres will completely disappear. An enzyme that helps this is Telomerase. Telomerase is useful to the 3’ end of a DNA strand because it adds telomere repeat sequences, which lengthens the strand. However, cancers express Telomerase. Another problem is Cellular Aging. Aging basically says the older you are, the less times cells will divide. An example is an infant’s cells could divide 100 times, but and 81 year old man’s could only divide a few dozen times. There are few approaches to gene therapy. One of them is Transplanted Cells. To transplant cells, you first have to remove cells from the patient. Then you have to transform them so they produce the gene they were unable to synthesize before and finally, you return the cells to the patient. However, like all normal cells, they die out. This means that the transplant is not permanent. Another approach is Cloning. Cloning is taking a nucleus from another animal, replicating it and putting it into another animal. This process works, but the telomeres on the implanted cells are a lot shorter than normal. = = =Protein Synthesis:= media type="file" key="ProteinSynthesisFlipBookRyanYoung.mov" width="300" height="300"
 * What is a Mutation?**

=** Protein Synthesis Review Questions **=
 * 1) What are the steps of transcription?
 * RNA polymerase binds to the start of a gene on the double helix. It unwinds DNA in to single-strands and it used one strand as a template. Polymerase then attaches complementary nucleotides to the template, this creates an mRNA strand. The mRNA strand then breaks off and moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. **
 * 1) What are the steps of translation?
 * The mRNA strand comes into contact with ribosomes. The ribosome begins at the start codon. It reads the mRNA strand and brings in tRNA molecules. tRNA with a complementary anticodon temporarily binds onto the codon. When the next one comes in, a peptide bond is formed between the amino acids. The ribosome continues this until it reaches the stop codon, leaving a chain of amino acids which will form a protein. **
 * 1) List three differences between DNA and RNA
 * DNA || RNA ||
 * Double stranded || Single Stranded ||
 * Has thymine || Has Uracil instead of thymine ||
 * Sugar is Deoxyribose || Sugar is ribose ||


 * 1) List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it)
 * mRNA- gets a code from DNA and takes it to the cytoplasm **
 * tRNA- transfers amino acid to the ribosome **
 * rRNA- translated mRNA **
 * 1) What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA? **RNA polymerase**
 * 2) Which molecule contains the genetic code? **DNA molecule**
 * 3) Be sure you can transcribe a gene and determine the complementary amino acids.
 * 4) Be sure you can identify all the parts (see flip book requirement list) of both transcription and translation.

= Mutation: =

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
1. Singe Gene or **Chromosomal Mutation**

2. Other names: CML, Chronic myeloid leukemia, Chronic granulocytic leukemia

3. Symptoms: Fever, bone pain, swollen spleen, bruising, excessive sweating, excessive weight loss for no reason and fatigue. Although, sometimes it

4. Prevalence: Your chance of getting CML is 1 in 588.

5. Cause: CML is often related to an abnormal chromosome called the Philadelphia chromosome. Radiation exposure also increases your risk of developing CML.

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=Fuel Economy:= 1. What relationships do you notice between the fuel economy and the taxes in a given country? **If the taxes are low, the fuel economy is lower.** 2. Do a quick research of the most often used transportation for the countries. 3. What conclusions can we draw?
 * United States: Automobiles**
 * Japan: Automobiles**
 * UK: Automobiles**
 * France: Automobiles**
 * Germany: Automobiles**
 * **The countries with higher taxes have better fuel economy**
 * **The higher the taxes, the higher the price of fuel**