Morgan+V.

flat =Cell Size Lab=

1. The similarities of the cubes after they were soaked in the solution was that they were all the color of pink that the solution was. The differences were that in the smallest cube the solution soaked all the way through, the bigger cubes, it didn’t go the whole way through. Also the smaller one was a darker color of pink compared to the bigger ones.

2. The “cell” that seemed to be most efficient was the 1cmx1cmx1cm because the solution got the whole was through the cell. The “cell” that seemed to be the least efficient was the 3cmx3cmx3cm because the solution only got half way through the cell.

3. The calculations the seemed to explain what I observed would be diffusion. This is because I could see how far the solution went through the cell when I cut it open.

4. In this lab we found that if the cell is bigger than it will be less efficient. The solution had a hard time traveling to the center of the cube. The smaller cube was more efficient because the solution went the whole way through.

=Protists Lab=



=You are what you eat= The expression, “you are what you eat” means to me that if you eat junk food you will gain weight. For example if you eat chips all the time and no vegetables, you are putting fats in your body and not getting any nutrients from them like you would when you eat fruits or vegetables. Also, if you are not an athletic or a person who works out a lot, you are not burning off the calories that you are putting in your body by eating junk food. When you fruits and vegetable, you will not gain weight compared to eating cupcakes or candy. It is also the same with what you drink. For example, if you drink tea and no milk you are not getting any calcium from the milk. You are putting a lot of sugar in your body and that makes you gain weight.

Questions:
 * 1) Why does sugar make you gain weight?
 * 2) How does calcium help your bones?
 * 3) Why is too much salt bad for you?

=Biomolecules and foods= __**---Processed Oatmeal---**__

Benidicts test (simple sugars): -Positive.

The oatmeal rose to the top and stayed the same color, in the middle it turned from blue to green. Therefore, simple sugars are positive in oatmeal.

Iodine(starches): -Positive

The oatmeal changed from a gold/brown color to a black/blue color, which is a positive change.

Biuret test(proteins): -negative

When the Biuret was added into the food, there was a top layer that stayed the same color (a purple/blue color). When the Biuret mixed with oatmeal it turned a brownish color.

Sudan IV(Testing for fats and oils) - Positive

When I added the Sudan IV into the tube of oatmeal, it formed a bright red ring. The red ring shows that it is positive.

2.

3. **Really ripe banana** Simple sugar- Positive starches- Negative Proteins- Negative Fats and oils- Positive

Steel Cut Oats

Test 1 (Simple Sugars): Negative Test 2 (Starches): Positive Test 3 (Proteins): Negative Test 4 (Fats and Oils): Positive

Apple Simple sugar-positive starches-negative proteins-negative fats and oils-positive

The similarities between the foods are that they all have fats and oils. Also, all of the foods tested negative for proteins. The differences are that starches and simple sugars all tested different from one another. This is because steel cut oats do not have simple sugars like an apple or really ripe bananas. As for starches, steel cut oats tested positive and apples and really ripe bananas did not.

= Extra Credit: you are what you eat =


 * 1) Why does sugar make you gain weight?

Sugar (sucrose) and high fructose corn syrup contain two molecules: glucose and fructose. Fructose causes insulin resistance. When we eat a high carb meal, glucose levels go up. The excess glucose is toxic so insulin rapidly goes up in order to get the glucose of the bloodstream and into the cells. Insulin also sends signals to our fat cells. It tells the fat cell to pick up fat from the bloodstream, store it and to avoid burning the fat that they already carry. When insulin levels are elevated, most of the energy in our bloodstream gets selectively deposited in the fat cells and stored. When this happens, the body has a hard time accessing the stored fat and the brain starts to think that it is hungry, so we eat more.

2. How does calcium help your bones?

Our bodies continually remove small amounts of calcium, and replace it with new calcium. Also known as a bone “remodeling” process. If our bodies remove calcium from our bones and don’t replace it, they start becoming weak. Eating a rich diet of calcium allows the body to deposit calcium in bones so they stay strong.

3. Why is too much salt bad for you?

First, salt gives you very high blood pressure. About 50 to 70 million people in the U.S. have hypertension, and all of them would benefit from a low-salt diet. The increase in blood makes the heart work harder. It also can increase diabetes. Having too much salt in a diet can lead to a stroke, heart attack or kidney disease.

https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/bonehealth/conditioninfo/Pages/calcium.aspx

http://authoritynutrition.com/4-ways-sugar-makes-you-fat/

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070916135508AA7MIOL

=DNA model project=

media type="file" key="dna.model.mov" width="300" height="300"

The DNA nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G) are all held together by hydrogen bonds. DNA helicase then comes up through the DNA and “unzips” it into two strands. Strand I is known as the leading strands, Strand II is known as the lagging strand. When the DNA is splitting, the nitrogen bases are exposed and the DNA polymerase comes and continuously adds nucleotides to Strand I. The Okazaki fragments are stitched together by ligase. When this process is over, you will have two identical molecules of DNA. DNA needs to replicate because when cells divide they need DNA to help it function properly.

=review questions= First RNA polymerase attaches on to the promoter region, then the enzyme unwinds the DNA strand and use the top strand as a template the synthesize mRNA strand. Next, the mRNA is disconnected from the RNA polymerase and leaves the nucleus though the nuclear pores, the mRNA strand enters the cytoplasm and on to translation. Once the mRNA strand is in the cytoplasm, it comes in contact with a ribosome. The ribosome reads the mRNA sequence. The first codon is called the start codon. The ribosme converts the mRNA strand into an amino acid sequence. The last codon is called the stop codon. When the ribosome reaches the stop codon, the amino acids then start to turn into a three-dimensional figure. The protein does not have a function until it is in the three dimensional figure. Deoxyribose vs. ribose, uracil vs. thymine, and single stranded mRNA- (messenger) relays the messenger from DNA tRNA- transfers amino acids to the ribosome rRNA- provide ribosomes, build proteins RNA polymerase DNA
 * 1) What are the steps of transcription?
 * 1) What are the steps of translation?
 * 1) List three differences between DNA and RNA
 * 1) List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it)
 * 1) What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA?
 * 1) Which molecule contains the genetic code?

= Protein Synthesis Flipbook = media type="custom" key="25199968"

=Cry-du-chat Syndrome=
 * 1.Chromosomal Mutation**

2.Other names?


 * Other names include 5p minus syndrome, cat cry syndrome, 5p deletion syndrome, monosomy 5p, and 5p- syndrome.**

3. Symptoms?
 * Symptoms include excessive drooling, small head and jaw, wide eyes, and skin tags in of eyes.**

4. Prevalence


 * 28 cases per 1,000 persons**

5. Cause


 * The cause of cryduchat syndrome is usually not inherited. The deletion occurs most often as a random even during the formation of reproductive cells or in early fetal development. Some people who have this syndrome inherit the chromosome abnormally from an unaffected parent. The parents carries a chromosomal rearrangement called a balanced translocation, in which no genetic material is gained or loss.**

=**Intro to Fuel Economy**=
 * 1) petrol prices at the pumps were about $1 more than the petrol tax in the given countries.
 * 2) In the US the most common use of transportation is automobiles, in the Netherlands it is by rail transport, in France it is by train, in Germany it is bus train or bicycles, in the UK it is car, bus, or train, in Spain it is by airplane or train, in Canada it is by bus or car.
 * 3) We can draw the conclusion that as the petrol prices at the pump increases than the petrol tax will increase and the other way around as well.