Sydney

=Cell Size= 1. The smallest cube looked like the solution penetrated it more than the rest of the cubes, the second cube did second best, and then the biggest cube appeared to do worse than the others. 2. The smallest cube is the most efficient because it has all the materials in it and the biggest cube is the least efficient because the solution doesn't go the whole way through the cube. 3. I think the surface area to volume ratio showed how well the cubes were doing because it calculated the how far the solution went. 4. If the cube is smaller than it will be more likely to have all the necessary parts that would make up a cell, so it can diffuse materials to the center quicker. =Protists: Spriostomum=

1. Spriostomum is the largest Ciliates. 2. Spriostomum has the fastest complete body contraction in any single celled organism. 3. They eat bacteria and protozoans.

http://www.photomacrography.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=6096&sid=1731f59cf4c85f73050a1474538557cc http://www.ask.com/question/spirostomum

=You Are What You Eat=

"You are what you eat" is a considerably true statement. When you eat something extremely sugary like a handful of candy your blood sugar will go up higher. If you keep eating unhealthy foods, not exercising, and not eating very many nutrients you could develop type 2 diabetes. Your body will stop using its insulin, so you will need to take medications. If you are a person that exercises quiet a bit and has a pretty decent diet you will be less likely to get sick and get diseases like type 2 diabetes. The more active and healthier you are the more likely you are to stay healthy, be in a better mood, and all around you will feel better.

Are vitamins really necessary to take if you are physically fit and have a healthy diet? What if you are neither of those, will the vitamins really help you? Do doctors really approve of medications on TV ads that claim doctors approve of their medications? Are there foods that will increase your risk of cancer? Do blueberries actually help prevent cancer? =Biomolecules in Foods Labs= 1. 2.According to this cite, http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/cereal-grains-and-pasta/5712/2 Cooked rice contains carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Fats and proteins most likely didn't show up because there is a rather small amount of it seeing as there is only 2% fats and 8% proteins. I think the carbohydrates should have should up seeing as rice is 90% carbohydrates. The starch should have definitely been positive and it was seeing as rice is a grain, which is also a seed. Seeds contain carbohydrates.

3. An Apple contains simple sugars according to the Flaming Turtles. The simple sugars make up most of the nutrition found in an apple there is 13.0 grams (95%)of sugars. Also, apples have small amounts of fats 0.2 grams (3%) and proteins 0.3 grams (2%). The results from the test show that there is only carbohydrates mainly present. Seeing as the apple is made up of mainly carbohydrates it mainly used for energy. Some of this information can be found at: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1809/2

A green banana contains starch but not proteins, fats/oils, and simple sugars according to The Three Amigos and 1. A green banana has 27.5 grams of sugar and 12.1 grams of starch. There is also 0.7 grams (3%) in fats and 2.5 grams (4%) in proteins which is a small amount and probably isn't detected that much. This information can be found at: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1846/2

Peas only tested positive for proteins but not for starch, simple sugars, and fats/oils according to The Fantastic Four. Peas have 16 grams of protein (25%), 5.7 grams are sugar, there is no starch, and 0.8 grams of fat (3%). This information can be found at: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/legumes-and-legume-products/4354/2

Through out the research I realized that there are small amounts of fats/oils, proteins, and sometimes starch that were present but did not show up in the test. It may be because the amounts were so small it would be hard to notice. The two fruits, the apple and green banana, contained over 10.0 grams of sugar but the peas contained less than 10.0. The simple sugars would be used as the main energy source for our body. The apple, green banana, and peal were 3% fat, which could possibly be a common amount of fat in food produced by plants. The purpose of fat in out bodies is too keep us sort of warm and it is also stored energy that can be used at a later time when it is needed. The peas had 16 grams of protein, but the green banana and apple had less than one gram of protein, so either peas are high in proteins or vegetables usually have more proteins than fruits. Proteins are our second source of energy. Proteins also are used pretty much all of our cell processes and are used in cell structures. The apple and green banana have starch, but the peas did not. Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants. Starch is used is broken down into glucose in our bodies.

=You Are What You Eat Extra Credit=

Are vitamins really necessary to take if you are physically fit and have a healthy diet? What if you are neither of those, will the vitamins really help you? If you have a well balanced diet you would not have to eat vitamins because of the varieties of foods you are consuming. You will need to exercise to to help balance you diets, too. If you don't exercise you there isn't a "miracle vitamin" to help make you healthy. You need a well balanced diet and exercise, not necessarily vitamins. I think people should be more aware that vitamins won't help them with their unbalanced diets or lack of exercise.

Do doctors really approve of medications on TV ads that claim doctors approve of their medications? Yes, doctors really do have to approve medications and the doctors are even real. This is a good to know that the doctors are real people.

Are there foods that will increase your risk of cancer? There are foods that will start increase your risk of cancer and those food are energy dense. Energy dense foods are low in nutrition and high in sugar and fats. If you consume these foods often you will become obese and then you will more likely get cancer. I am surprised that energy dense foods aren't banded if they are so bad for you.

Do blueberries actually help prevent cancer? Blueberries do help prevent cancer. Blueberries are full of antioxidants and flavonoids these repair cell damage. Cell damage can causes cancer. Blueberries are also full nutrition. I am happy to know that there are foods that can help prevent dangerous diseases.

Citations http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga95/9dietgui.htm http://www.wcrf.org/cancer_research/cup/recommendations.php http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/do-blueberries-hold-key-preventing-cancers http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/PrescriptionDrugAdvertising/ucm072077.htm

=Cell Replication Model Project=

= Protein Synthesis Review Questions =
 * 1) What are the steps of transcription? RNA polymerase unwinds a DNA strand starting with the codon TAC and ends with either ACT, ATT, ATC. The RNA polymerase makes a mRNA out of the unwinding DNA strand. The DNA strand goes back to normal. Then, the DNA strand leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
 * 2) What are the steps of translation? The mRNA goes to the ribososme/rRNA. In the ribosome tRNA comes with its amino acid and anti-codons. The anti-codon translates the mRNA until it reaches the stop codons. The tRNA falls off the amino acids. The amino acid form peptide bonds and form the protein.
 * 3) List three differences between DNA and RNA. DNA has thymine. RNA replaces thymine with Uracil. DNA is a double strand, but RNA is a single strand. DNA has dexoyribose sugar and RNA has ribose.
 * 4) List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it) mRNA is a messenger that transcribes genes found in the nucleus. rRNA makes up ribosomes found in ribosomes/cytoplasm. tRNA transports amino acids found in the cytoplasm.
 * 5) What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA? RNA polymerase
 * 6) Which molecule contains the genetic code? DNA
 * 7) Be sure you can transcribe a gene and determine the complementary amino acids.
 * 8) Be sure you can identify all the parts (see flip book requirement list) of both transcription and translation

= Transcription/Translation Flip Book = media type="custom" key="25203054"

=Mutations= //Phenylkentonuria// (PKU) 1. Single gene 2. PKU, non-PKU, and classical PKU 3. Intellectual Disabilities, seizures, delayed movement, psychiatric disorders, behavioral problems, and musty odor are symptoms of untreated PKU. 4. 1 in every 10,000 to 15,000 newborns are effected by PKU. (in the U.S.) 5. The gene responsible for making the enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase, is mutated. The mutated gene will not effect the person if only one copy is present; however, if both parents pass the gene on to its offspring the offspring will have PKU. The gene for //Phenylkentonuria// recessive. The enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is responsible for breaking down phenylalanine, an amino acid that can be harmful if too much is in the blood stream. This information was found at: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/phenylketonuria/basics/causes/con-20026275

=Fuel Economy=
 * 1) The more fuel being used in the economy makes the tax higher.
 * 2) In the majority of countries use vehicles (Cars, SUV, Pickup Truck etc.)
 * 3) We can assume that vehicles use the majority of the gas and that is why the gas tax is so high.