Brayden

=flat= =Cell Size Lab=
 * 1) The smallest cube had the smallest volume, and area, but had the largest surface area to volume ratio. The medium sized cube has the middle-sized volume, area and surface are to volume ratio. The largest cube had the biggest volume, and area, but the smallest surface area to volume ratio.
 * 2) The smallest cube was the most efficient and the substance was able to cover the whole cube in a purple color. This is because the substance had a smaller area to cover. The largest cube was the least efficient because it had the most area to cover.
 * 3) The measurement of distance of diffusion explains what I saw in the lab because it represents the distance the substance penetrated into the cell, which is what we were testing.
 * 4) If a cell is smaller, then it will be more efficient because the substance it is transporting has less ground to cover and is able to travel to the inside of the cell more quickly.

=Protists Lab= 1. Paramecium can move twelve times their own body length per second. https://sites.google.com/site/parameciumland/interesting-facts 2. A single paramecium can eat up to five thousand bacteria per day. http://101science.com/paramecium.htm 3. Paramecium are unable to see, taste, touch or hear. http://101science.com/paramecium.htm
 * Facts**:

=You Are What You Eat= The phrase “you are what you eat” means that whatever I eat, my body takes a toll or is rewarded for it. For example, if I were to eat chocolate all my life, my body would eventually see the consequences, but if I were to balance my diet out, I would be in a healthier condition in my older years.

Questions
 * If you have a poor diet in your childhood, but change the way you eat in your teenage years, will you still see the consequences from an unhealthy diet?
 * How long do you have to eat healthy in order to keep your body in good condition?

=Biomolecules in Food=

1. After testing peas, my results showed that they do not have sugars, fats and oils, or starches, but have proteins.

2. Based on my research, sugars, starches, and proteins should have been tested positive. Fast and oils should have had negative results.

3. Baby lima beans have no fat and oils, but contain starches, sugars and a high amount of protein. Garlic also has no fats, but contains starches, sugars, and a lot of protein. These three foods that I tested or researched all have high amounts of protein and contain traces of starches and sugars. However, they contain no fats or oils. In the body, the proteins these foods produce help to defend the body from germs, assist with movement, speed up chemical reactions, and store amino acids.

Links: http://www.kickas.org/ubbthreads/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=143543 http://urbanext.illinois.edu/diabetes2/subsection.cfm?SubSectionID=19

=Biomolecule Extra Credit=
 * 1) **If you have a poor diet in your childhood, but change in your teenage years, will you still see the consequences from an unhealthy diet?** There are short term affects of bad eating habits such as poor brain function, decreasing in the ability to exercise well, insulin resistance, weight gain, heartburn, poor sleep, and mood problems. However, if one decides to change their diet, these side affects will go away. http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/short-term-effects-bad-eating-habits-2579.html
 * 2) **How long do you have to eat healthy in order to keep your body in good condition?** Eating nutritious food all your life is required to keep your body healthy, this way you are guaranteed life long health. http://www.eatright.org/nutritiontipsheets

=DNA Replication Project= media type="custom" key="25079246"

=Protein Synthesis Review Questions=
 * 1) What are the steps of transcription? **RNA polymerase enters the DNA strand at the beginning of the strand. As it travels down the strand, the polymerase creates the mRNA strand. This strand contains complementary bases to the ones currently on the DNA strand. Once finished, the RNA polymerase leaves, and the mRNA strand exits the nucleus pore.**
 * 2) What are the steps of translation? **A ribosome enters the single strand at the beginning called the promoter region. A ribosome reads the base sequence of the start codon. It then synthesizes a tRNA molecule that carries an amino acid and anti-codon along with it. The ribosome continues along the strand as the first tRNA molecule breaks off, leaving its amino acid behind. That amino acid forms a peptide bond with the second tRNA molecule’s amino acid. This continues until the tRNA molecule reaches the stop codon. At that point, the amino acid chain breaks off and the ribosome falls from the strand.**
 * 3) List three differences between DNA and RNA
 * 4) ** Bases & Sugars **
 * DNA- deoxyribose sugar, phosphate backbone, four bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine) **
 * RNA- Ribose sugar; phosphate backbone, four bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil) **
 * 1) ** Propagation **
 * DNA- Self-Replicating **


 * RNA- Synthesized from DNA when needed **


 * 1) ** Pairing of Bases **
 * DNA- Adenine to Thymine, Guanine to Cytosine **
 * RNA- Adenine to Uracil, Guanine to Cytosine **
 * 1) List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it) **mRNA is a message carrier and carries complementary bases out the cell and to the cytoplasm. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during translation on the RNA strand. rRNA reads the RNA strand and brings in nucleotides during translation.**
 * 2) What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA? DNA **Polymerase produces a new strand of RNA.**
 * 3) Which molecule contains the genetic code? **DNA molecules contain the genetic code**.
 * 4) Be sure you can transcribe a gene and determine the complementary amino acids.
 * 5) Be sure you can identify all the parts (see flip book requirement list) of both transcription and translation

= Protein Synthesis Flip Book = media type="custom" key="25203010"

=Achondroplasia= []
 * 1) Achondroplasia is a single gene mutation. The gene in which the mutation occurs is known as FGFR3. It provides instructions for making a protein that is involved with the development and maintenance of bone and brain tissue.

2. Other names for achondroplasia are ACH, achondroplastic dwarfism, dwarf, and achondroplastic. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/achondroplasia

3. Symptoms of achondroplasia in a child at birth consist of short stature, short arms and legs in comparison to body height, short fingers, the ring and middle fingers pointing away from each other, disproportionately large head compared to the body, abnormally large forehead, underdevelopment of the region of the middle of the face (around the jaw and forehead). Health problems an infant can have because of achondroplasia are decreased muscle tone, brief periods where breathing is slowed or stopped known as apnea, water on the brain which is called hydrocephalus, and spinal stenosis. Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal that can compress the spinal cord. Symptoms in older children and adults include difficulty bending their elbows, struggles with obesity, reoccurring ear infections, developing of bowed legs, developing of an abnormal curvature of the spine (known as kyphosis or lordosis), and developing severe spinal stenosis.

[]

4.The prevalence rate of achondroplasia is 0.5-1.5 cases per 10,000 births. []

5. During development, the skeleton of a baby is made up of cartilage. Cartilage usually converts to bone, but in cases of achondroplasia the cartilage doesn’t convert to bone. Mutations in the FGFR3 gene cause this resistance. The mutation to the gene causes the protein to be overactive, which interferes with skeletal development. http://www.healthline.com/health/achondroplasia?toptoctest=expand

=Into to Fuel Economy= 1. The higher the price of fuel, the higher the taxes are in a country. 2. In Turkey, the most common form of transportation is buses. In the rest of the countries, cars are the most common form of transportation. 3. We can conclude that the more oil a country uses, the higher the cost of the oil.