Bio+Buddies

=flat= =Team Members:= Lexi Zanaglio Alexis Vite Breanna Knox Laken Poole

=Cell Size Lab:=

This picture was taken before the cubes were put in the color dye and before they were cut.

This picture was taken after the cubes were taken out of the dye and before they were cut.

This picture was taken after we cut each of the cubes.


 * Data:**
 * Calculations:**

=Protists Lab:= Elodea: The Latin name for water weed. Elodea is used in aquariums and ponds. Another name for Elodea is //Anacharis// and it is commonly known with this name in North America. Website: []
 * Facts:**

Elodea With Salt: The salt water was a hypertonic solution, and caused water that was in the Elodea to leave the cell. The cells then collapse because the vacuole is empty.
 * Difference Between Elodea and Elodea With Salt:**

Hydra: They are found in freshwater ponds and slow-moving rivers. They attach to submerged rocks and plants. (Website for 1 & 2: [] ) They can grow back if they are cut in half. (Website: [] )
 * Facts:**

Cilia: Cilia are like hairs on cells, only a lot smaller. In large organisms they move liquids around and in single-celled organisms they are used for movement through water. Cilia on the cells that are in your windpipe keep your lungs clean by moving dirt particles up and out of the body. Cilia are a micro-tubule cytoskeleton.

Flagella: Flagella are used for movement of the cell; also it can be used as a sensory organelle. One organism that uses a flagellum is a sperm cell. Sperm cells use the flagellum to propel themselves through the female reproductive track. Flagellum has three main parts, which are the filament, the hook, and the basal body. The filament is the moving, or rotating structure of the flagellum. The hook connects the filament to the basal body. The basal body anchors the entire flagella structure to the cell.

Difference between Cilia and Flagella: Cilia are small, hair-like structures and organisms normally have lot of cilia on them, while flagella are large, whip-like and most organisms only have one.

=Biomolecules in Foods:= 1.) 2.) We tested for simple sugars, starches, proteins, fats and oils. The foods we tested were Coca-Cola, onions, black beans, and corn. When testing for simple sugars, all foods were negative. When the results for starches were observed we found that black beans and corn were the only foods that were positive. Corn was the only food that tested positive for proteins. Last, the black beans were the only food that the results were positive for fats and oils.

3.) We compared our test results with another group to see what foods were different. However the only other group that did the same foods as us only tested two of the foods. We tested Coca-Cola, onions, black beans and corn. The other group only tested black beans and onions. Due to this we were only able to compare two of the foods. When testing for simple sugars we found that both onions and black beans were negative. The other group’s tests for simple sugars were also negative for both foods. When we tested for starches both our group and the other group found that onions were negative and black beans were positive. The test results for proteins in our group came back negative for both foods. However, the other group’s results came back positive for both foods. The last test was for fats and oils. Our group’s results for this test came out negative for onions and positive for black beans. The other group’s results were negative for both foods. There are many different reasons why our groups got different results for the tests. One reason is the amount of food or the amount of solution each of our groups used. We might have used more than they did or we may also have had less of the solution. Another reason why we got different answers may have something to do with when the solution was observed. Depending upon when each group observed the contents to get the results of the test, it may have had an effect on the outcome of the test. Those are some reasons why both our group and the other group we compared our test results with got different outcomes on the tests.

=Enzyme Lab:= Laken Poole

Lexi Zanaglio
 * The reaction of the meats (liver and beef) reacted best with the hot hydrogen peroxide.
 * Neither of the vegetables (peas and corn) had a reaction to any of the types hydrogen peroxide.
 * The beef reacted better to the hydrogen peroxide than the liver but they both have had good reactions.
 * The second best reaction was to the room temperature hydrogen peroxide with both the beef and liver.

=**The Penny Lab:**= =Light Intensity Activity= Our group had 85% as the highest amount of ATP and 200 for the light intensity and 650 for wavelengths, then for the lowest amount of ATP we had 6% at 40 for light intensity and 750 for wavelength.

=DNA Sample:= The five elements that make up DNA are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus. The function of DNA is to carry information in that guides the cells in making new proteins that determine all of our biological traits that get passed from one generation to the next. The long strands of DNA fit into the tiny nucleus of a single cheek cell through condensation of the molecule known as coiling. The purpose of using the detergent as the cell lysis solution is to disrupt the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope, causing the cells to burst open and release their DNA. The DNA becomes visible when added to alcohol because the DNA is a polar molecule and the alcohol is a non-polar substance. Due to the fact that they are not similar substances, they do not dissolve each other. This means the DNA is not dissolved when the alcohol is added and it then becomes visible. The reason why we are able to see the DNA in this lab exercise is because the small DNA molecules clump together, allowing us to see them. DNA is often referred to as our genetic fingerprint because our fingerprints are all different and unique and the same thing is for our DNA. Everyone’s DNA is different. DNA is used everyday for many different reasons. One example would be investigating a crime scene. Another example would be to identifying people who are at risk of genetic dependent diseases or fatal genetic traits. Last, would be tracing your history and past ancestors. Those are some ways that DNA is used everyday.
 * Questions: **
 * 1) ** What are the 5 elements that make up DNA? **
 * 1) ** What is the function of DNA from day to day? **
 * 1) ** Describe how long strands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell. **
 * 1) ** What was the purpose of using the detergent as a cell lysis solution? **
 * 1) ** Why does the DNA become visible once the alcohol is added? **
 * 1) ** If DNA is so thin, how is it that we are able to see it during this simple lab exercise? **
 * 1) ** Why is DNA referred to as your genetic fingerprint? **
 * 1) ** Give some examples of how DNA is used everyday. **

= Fish Project: =