Biomolecules

flat =Explain:=

=You are what you eat= You have heard the saying: you are what you eat. What does this mean to you? Explain in a paragraph. Then, write questions that you have always wanted to ask about the foods you eat, things you hear on TV, in the news, from your parents, at practice, etc. Here are a few basic principles that are understood by scientists and doctors and have been proven in studies that can start your thinking and questioning:



= Vocabulary = Atom Nucleus Electron Element Isotope Compound Ionic Bond Ion Covalent Bond Molecule Van der Waals forces Hydrogen bond Cohesion Adhesion Solution Solute Solvent Acid Base Buffer Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Lipid Nucleic acid Nucleotide Protein Amino acid Reactant Product Activation Energy Catalyst Enzyme Substrate Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis
 * Define the following terms. **

=Annotate notes= = Introduction to Biomolecules = Use this link and information for the first document:


 * Molecule Basics: **

Access the following site **@http://molo.concord.org/database/activities/226.html**,


 * Once the site opens, click on begin activity. (**Hint:** Will take some time to load),
 * It will ask if you can run Java click yes, allow the activity to load.
 * Once the activity is loaded read info, click on next, read and follow instructions.
 * As you are reading and doing the activity answer questions given below:



=Macromolecule webquest=

= Carbohydrates =

= Carbohydrate HW Questions =

1. Draw the structural formulas of glucose, fructose and galactose and write their molecular formulas.

2. List the common sources of the disaccharides: sucrose, lactose and maltose.

3. The three monosaccharides are isomers. Are the three disaccharides examples of isomers as well? Explain your answer.

4. Show the dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reaction equations. Label the products and reactants.

5. Glucose is the preferred fuel of plants and animals. However, if too much glucose is available it must be stored. How is glucose stored in humans and how is it stored in plants?

= Proteins =

=Lipids=

= Biomolecules in Foods Lab =

Identify the biomolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids) in the substances you have been assigned. Follow the directions given for each test in order to determine what biomolecules are in each of the foods. We will be doing 4 tests for each food.


 * Purpose ** :

The compounds your body needs for energy and building materials are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. These compounds are present in the plants and animals you use as food. You will observe the tests for specific compounds and then use those tests to determine the compounds in ordinary foods.


 * Procedure: **


 * 1. Testing for Simple sugars (carbohydrates that are monosaccharides and disaccharides) **

Simple sugars are tested with the Benedicts’s Test:

Place 1 dropper full of the food solution to be tested and add 1 dropper full of Benedict’s solution. Heat the tube gently in a water bath for 3 minutes. If simple sugar is present, there will be a color change from blue through green to yellow/orange/red. Actually, an orange precipitate is what is formed.


 * 2. Testing for Starches (carbohydrates that are polysaccharides made from the monomer glucose) **

Starches are tested with the Iodine test:

Add 3-5 drops of Iodine to a dropper full of the substance. Do not heat. A color change from orange/brown to blue/black shows the presence of starch.


 * 3. Testing for Proteins – Biuret Test **

Add 1 dropper full of Biuret solution to 1 dropper full of the substance. Do not heat. Results may not be immediate and could take 5 minutes. If there is protein, there will be a color change from blue to mauve (purple).


 * 4. Testing for Fats and Oils – Sudan IV test **

Add 5 drops of Sudan IV stain to one half dropper of the food substance. Do not heat or shake! Look for a deep red color at the interface of the food substance with the dye. You may need to hold the tube over a piece of white paper.

= Biomolecules in Foods results =

Analysis: On your team page, complete the following:


 * 1) Provide the results from the four different foods you tested by making a data table. Make sure to include the results of all 4 tests (simple sugar, starch, fat, protein) for each food
 * 2) In a paragraph, discuss biomolecule(s) that are found in all 4 of your foods. Which of the biomolecules surprised you by their presence or absence in the various foods you tested?
 * 3) Look at the data collected from other classes. Were there any differences in the results that you obtained compared to others that tested the same foods?What are some reasons why your results were different than others who tested the same food?

On your individual page, complete the following:


 * 1) Your data from the food you tested.
 * 2) Research the biomolecules (nutritional information) that are found in the food that you tested. Which tests should have been positive (present) or negative (absent) based upon your research?
 * 3) Compare foods of your choice that you and others tested (for example, looking at all fruits or foods that contain carbs). Be sure to include foods that you did not test that others in class tested. Discuss the results of the tests (the biomolecules that make up these foods.) Make a statement about the biomolecules in the foods, what happens to these foods in your body (what they are used for), and any other information you found interesting through research. Remember to include a link to your sources of information.

=Biomolecules in Foods Rubric= = Food diary homework = Keep a diary of the foods and amounts of those foods you eat for 3 consecutive days. Keep track of everything that you eat or drink. It is suggested that you measure out the food so you know what a cup, half cup, etc. looks like. Most people believe they eat just a serving but actually eat more than that.

= Digestion of carbohydrates =

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1. Where is sucrose digested in the body?

2. What monomers make up a sucrose molecule?

3. Which enzyme breaks apart sucrose?

4. Why is lactose a problem for 50% of people?

5. What is the enzyme that breaks apart lactose? Why do many people not have enough of this enzyme?

6. What happens if lactose makes it to the large intestine?

7. What enzyme breaks apart starches? What monosaccharide is broken down into?

8. Where does the hydrolysis of starch begin in the body?

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1.Why does a strawberry not cause a sugar crash like candy does? Explain what the sugar crash is.

2. What is the best source of sugars for our body?

Other resources to look at:

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=Buffers=

=Enzymes= Use this site for the animation: @http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html

= Enzyme lab =

Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide. ** Your group should test the substances at the same time in order to compare the reactions. Your group will be testing: beef, liver, peas, and corn. **

General procedure for testing for catalase:
 * Place a piece of the material being tested into the well of a spot plate (1/2 of the well).
 * Add room temperature hydrogen peroxide to fill the well
 * Watch for a reaction. Use a scale of 1-5 to rate the reaction. 1 is very little or no reaction and 5 is a large reaction.
 * Take a picture of the reaction (show a picture with all 4 wells of the spot plate)
 * Perform the same experiment with the same foods using cold hydrogen peroxide.
 * Perform the experiment again with the same foods using warm hydrogen peroxide.

Place the data for all the tests with the four foods on your team page. Use a data table.

Show pictures of the different results with a caption for each picture describing the differences in the reaction (between foods and between temperatures of hydrogen peroxide).

Break up the work! Put the name of the person who created the picture and caption next to it as well as the data table.


 * Homework: **


 * 1) Write the equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.
 * 2) How did the amount of reaction change between room temperature, warm, and cold hydrogen peroxide?
 * 3) What large group of biomolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) does catalase belong to? What do members of this group have in common?
 * 4) Is it possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase? Explain.
 * 5) What happens to an organism if biomolecules like catalase become useless? Explain

= =

= Unique properties of water =

=Laws of Bioenergetics=

= Demonstration = 1. Describe what happened as the candle burns. 2. What is the equation for the burning of a candle? Why does this equation not show the first law of thermodynamics? 3. What is the correct equation? 4. What part of the candle is actually burning?


 * Homework ** : How does the burning of the candle demonstrate the first and second laws of thermodynamics? How does this demonstration relate to living things?

= Water inquiry lab = ** How Many Drops of Water Can Fit on a Penny? **
 * Take a Guess: How many drops of water can fit on one side of a penny? **


 * Perform a CONTROL test for comparison with later results. **
 * Step 1: ** Rinse a penny in tap water and dry completely.
 * Step 2: ** Place the penny on paper towel.
 * Step 3: ** Use an eyedropper to place drops of WATER on the penny (one at a time) until ANY amount of water runs over the edge of the penny.
 * Step 4: ** Record the number of drops for that trial. Repeat steps 1 - 4 three more times (for the other trials) before calculating your average.

**Step 4:** Record your observations and the number of drops for that trial. Repeat steps 1 - 4 three more times before calculating the average.
 * Perform tests with the TESTING LIQUID. **
 * Step 1: ** Rinse a penny in tap water and dry completely.
 * Step 2: ** Place the penny on a paper towel.
 * Step 3: ** Use the second eye dropper to place drops of SOAPY WATER on the penny (one at a time) until ANY amount of water runs over the edge of the penny.

You just saw three important forces tugging on the water: gravity, cohesion, and adhesion.
 * What’s Happening? **


 * Gravity ** flattens the droplets, cohesion holds the droplets together, and **adhesion** holds the drops on the surface of the coin.

The **cohesive** force is the pull of the water molecules on themselves. Each successive drop sticks to the water that’s already on the coin. We often call this cohesive force “**surface tension**”. It’s what makes water drops look like they’re wrapped in invisible skins. Soap reduces the **cohesive** force, and breaks the surface tension. Soapy water makes smaller drops than plain water because of this loss of cohesion. A drop of water is not just one molecule.


 * Observations: Keep your observations and datafor the Plain Water and the Soapy Water to be able to answer the homework questions. **

1. Explain your results in terms of cohesion and surface tension. Did the penny hold as many drops as you first thought? Which trial was it able to hold the most? Use a paragraph to discuss. 2. Compare your results with other groups. Did they have the same results? Why or why not? Give at least one reason. 3. How could this be applied to your daily life? Why is this information important to know? 4. What affect did the soapy water have on the water droplets? Why?
 * Homework (please hand in on paper): **

= How does a cat drink? = media type="custom" key="24236428"

The drinking cats' tongues extended downward toward their bowls in a "J" shape. At first, scientists thought the animals might use their tongues the way dogs do. In fact, only the very tips of the cats' tongues touched the water. Their tongues then moved upward at the blazing-fast speed of more than three feet per second, generating a column of liquid. The cats quickly closed their mouths to drink a portion of those columns, the study reported.

The team theorized that the cats maximized the amount of water they consumed in each sip by lapping at a precise speed that balanced two forces: the inertia pulling water upward and the gravity pulling it back down.

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= Biomolecule review =

=What is 200 calories?= media type="custom" key="24587444"

=Food Diary analysis=
 * Homework #1:** Answer the following in paragraph form:
 * Was your food intake normal for you?
 * What other items did you eat you normally wouldn't, etc?
 * Give the average calories and calories or percent from proteins, carbs (refined sugar), and carbs (not refined sugar), and fat.
 * Did you have much variety in your diet?
 * What foods do you need to eat more of?
 * Research why it is not ideal to eat a bunch of boxed, canned, or processed foods? Be sure to give their links (helpful if you look up some of the food you ate.)

@http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/pyramid/
 * Homework #2:** Compare and contrast the two food pyramids found in the link below (my healthy plate and healthy eating pyramid.) Which one do you like better? Which gives more information? How does your food diary compare to these? What food items do you have more than the recommended servings? Which groups are less than the recommended servings you should have?

=Foodopoly= @http://www.foodopoly.org

=Extra Credit opportunity= Go back to what you wrote in the You Are What You Eat Activity. In that activity, you asked some questions. For extra credit, answer those questions by researching. We also discussed a few ideas, watched Food Inc., and have looked at resources that can help you answer the questions. The Foodopoly link above can also help. Be sure to cite your resources and use reputable resources that give good information. (Not wikianswers, etc.) Create a heading on your wiki page called: **Biomolecule extra credit** and be sure to tell the question you are answering and the answer IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Give the link to the research sites you used. Write in complete sentences, explain as completely as you can, and include your reactions or thoughts to the information.