Katie+P.

flat =Cell size lab:= =Euglena:= []
 * 1) After the cubes soaked for 10 minutes then cut in half I notice a dark square started to make its way towards the center of the cube. The diffusion went about half a centimeter towards the center. The cubes were the same because they were still made of the same material and they stayed the same size.
 * 2) The most efficient cube was the smallest one because since it was smaller, it would not take as long for the substances to diffuse into the center of the cell. The least efficient cube would be the largest cube, since it is bigger it will take longer for the substance to diffuse into the center.
 * 3) I think the surface area to volume ratio is more accurate compared to the pictures. I came to this conclusion because the calculations indicate how far on the surface the substance diffused and how much the substance filled the cube. The calculation show that the substance filled the smallest cube the whole way, but only partly filled the largest cube.
 * 4) If the cube is small, then it takes less time for a substance to diffuse into the center.
 * The body is green because of the chloroplasts inside the cell.
 * The eyespot is a pigmented organelle that is found at that anterior part of the body. The eyespot is very sensitive to light.
 * At the end of the cell is the contractile vacuole. It is an orange star-shaped stricter that helps the Euglena excrete water and waste from the body.

=**You Are What You Eat**= The saying you are that you eat means to me that if you eat junk food, your body won’t be the healthiest. Also, if you eat too much junk food you could become obese. Being in the obesity state can cause diseases such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, etc. For some people this may not be a problem, but for others their metabolism will not burn all the fat that is taken into the body, but instead store as fat cell. Although, if you eat healthy food and exercise, your body will function better. Healthy food contains nutrients that the body needs to generate. Therefore your body would be health and there is a possible chance you could live longer. A couple questions I have is, why is that healthy food is for us, but it is so expensive? Also, when you eat something healthy does it only help one part of your body or your whole body? Lastly, do you have to eat healthy food for a while for it to help your body or does it help when every you eat it?

Answer to the Questions: Why is that healthy food is for us, but it is so expensive? Healthy food is more expensive because it cost more to grow and raise the product. Farmers have to spend more money on the feed for than animal than companies to on the ingredients to make junk food. Also, farmers are not suppose to feed their animals junk. That is why healthy food cost more because it cost more to grow and raise the product.

When you eat something healthy does it only help one part of your body or your whole body? I don’t think that if you eat something healthy that it only helps one part of your body. I think healthy food can help the entire body. For example, bananas contain potassium, which helps all of the muscles in the body not just one part; although, one must eat a variety of healthy food not just one. Therefore, healthy foods can help the whole the body.

Do you have to eat healthy food for a while for it to help your body or does it help when every you eat it? One must eat health foods for a little bit for it to show the affects because your body isn’t use to it so when it takes in healthy food one time it uses it but doesn’t show a changed in the body. Plus, I think that you will feel better mental and physical it one eats healthy food a lot instead of junk food all the time. So, one must eat health for a while in order to see the affects that are taking place.

=Biomolecules of Food= Egg Yolk: 1. Testing for Simple sugars The egg yolk is negative because the color changed from yellow to blue. 2. Testing for Starch The egg yolk has spots of starch (brown) at the bottom of the tube. Therefore, the egg yolk is slightly positive. 3. Testing for Proteins The egg yolk is positive for proteins because it is full of proteins. The color changed from yellow to purple. 4. Testing for Fats and Oils The egg yolk is positive because it has a faint dark red ring at the bottom of the Sudan IV.

2) All of the results I tested for were correct in the egg yolk. Although, I found out that in an egg yolk there is less than one gram of carbohydrates and 4.5 grams of proteins.

3) Simple sugars – Positive Starch – Positive Proteins – Negative Fats and Oils – Negative
 * Cooked Rice:**

The function of carbohydrates (simple sugars) is to provide energy for the body, especially the brain ant the nervous system. Rice has a high glycemic index, which leaves you feeling unsatisfied after meals. The glycemic index makes you feel more hungry and crave for more foods which can lead to overweight and obesity. All since rice is packed full of carbohydrates, they break down into sugars and end up in the blood. This increases your blood sugar levels.

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Simple sugars – positive (17g) Starch – negative (but it depends what type of chocolate or if it is combined with something. Proteins – positive (1.4g) Fats & Oils – positive (9g)
 * Chocolate:**

The effects on your body by eating chocolate are blood sugar rises and psychological feelings of comfort and satisfaction. The simple sugars in milk chocolate are converted to the blood glucose and are used as a quick energy source. Although, you once you use that energy, your blood glucose level will drop make in you tired.


 * Chocolate is considered somewhat good for the body because it contains chemicals, phenethylamine, that act as a less harmful stimulant on the brain than caffeine.

[|http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_does_Chocolate_do_to_the_body#slide1]

Simple sugars – positive (2.95g) Starch – positive (4.8g) Proteins – positive (4.01g) Fats and Oils – positive (8.06g)
 * Peanut Butter:**

Peanut butter has some benefits including it helps you lose weight, its packed with nutrition, and it has the “good” fat. Peanut butter is good for dieting because it contains fiber and protein, which fills you up. This keeps you feeling full long to keep you from eating. Peanut butter has 3 mg of vitamin E, 49mg of bone-building magnesium, 208 mg of muscle-friendly potassium, and 0.17 mg of immunity-boosting vitamin B6. Also, eating peanuts can decrease your risk of heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic health conditions. Lastly, Peanut butter is full of heart-healthy monounsaturated fats.


 * A recent study found that insulin-resistant adults who ate a diet high in monos had less belly fat than people who ate more carbohydrates of saturated fats.
 * A study found that consuming 1 once of nuts or peanut butter at least 5 days a week can lower the risk of developing diabetes by almost 30%.

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Simple Sugars – positive Starch – positive Proteins – positive Fats & Oils – positive
 * Oats:**

There are many benefits for eating oats. Some include reducing risk of heart disease, lowering cholesterol, and reducing blood sugar levels


 * Eating three bowls of oatmeal (28 gram servings) daily can decrease total cholesterol by able 5 mg/dL.
 * Eating oats and oat bran for 6 weeks significantly decrease before-meal blood sugar, 24-hour blood sugar, and insulin levels in people with type 2 diabetes.

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All of theses foods have simple sugars because the carbohydrates provide energy for the body. Proteins help the function of the immune system, pH balance, structure and movement, and transportation. Starch can elevate blood sugar levels and provide energy to all of the cells and organs in your body. Fats store energy, protect our vital organs, and help the body accumulate certain nutrients.

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=DNA Model Project= media type="custom" key="25076928"

=** Protein Synthesis Review Questions **=
 * 1) ====== What are the steps of transcription? ======

=
First RNA polymerase attaches onto the promoter region. Then the enzyme unwind the DNA strand and use the top strand as a template the synthesize a mRNA strand. Next, the mRNA is disconnected from the RNA polymerase and leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores. The mRNA strand enters the cytoplasm and on to translation. ======
 * 1) ====== What are the steps of translation? ======

=
Once the mRNA strand is in the cytoplasm, it comes in contact with a ribosome. The ribosome read the mRNA sequence. The first codon is called the start codon (“AUG” – methionine) The ribosome converts the mRNA strand into an amino acid sequence (By the use of tRNA). The last codon is called the stop codon (it does not make an amino acid). When the ribosome reaches the stop codon, the amino acids then start to turn into a three-dimensional figure (tertiary structure) The protein does not have a function until it is in the a three dimensional figure. ======
 * 1) ====== List three differences between DNA and RNA ======

__ DNA: __

 * ====== Double stranded ======
 * ====== Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine ======
 * ====== Sugar: deoxyribose ======

__ RNA: __

 * ====== Single stranded ======
 * ====== Bases: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine ======
 * ====== Sugar: ribose ======
 * 1) ====== List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it) ======
 * ======** mRNA ** – is like the messenger for ribonucleic acid, it is the type of RNA that codes for the chemical blueprint for a protein. (Carries DNA message) ======
 * ======** tRNA ** – Transfer amino acid to the ribosome ======
 * ======** rRNA ** – Reads the RNA and builds polypeptide chain (protein) ======
 * 1) ====== What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA? ======

RNA polymerase

 * 1) ====== Which molecule contains the genetic code? ======

DNA

 * 1) ====== Be sure you can transcribe a gene and determine the complementary amino acids. ======


 * 1) ====== Be sure you can identify all the parts (see flip book requirement list) of both transcription and translation. ======

= Protein Synthesis Flipbook = media type="custom" key="25199960"

=Huntington Disease (HD)=


 * 1) **Single Gene or Chromosomal Mutation** – Single abnormal gene
 * 2) **Other Names** – it use to be called Huntington’s chorea. This is because HD is the most common genetic cause of abnormal involuntary writhing movements (chorea).
 * 3) **Symptoms** - This degeneration causes uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbance. The brain’s outer surface, which controls thought, perception and memory, is affected.
 * 4) **Prevalence –** Nationwide, an estimate of 30,000 people have Huntington’s Disease. Approximately 200,000 American are at risk of inheriting the disease.
 * 5) **Cause** – Huntington Disease is the result from genetically programmed degeneration of nerve cells (neurons). People can be born with this, but it is not noticed until mid age (between age of 30 and 50).

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=Intro Activity To Fuel Economy= 1. What relationships do you notice between the fuel economy and the taxes in a given country? the higher the tax, the better the fuel economy. (More tax means more miles per gallon)

2. Do a quick research of the most often used transportation for the countries. Automobiles and anything the requires gasoline to operate (trains, buses, and airplane)

3. What conclusion can we draw? If we are willing to pay a higher tax on gasoline then we would be able to receive a better quality on gas in return.