Donna+Jean

= = flat =Cell Size Lab= Analysis:

1. Compare: Contrast:
 * All the cells had at least absorbed some of the substance.
 * All of the cells had the same distance of diffusion, which is 0.5cm.
 * All the cells had turned into the pink/purple color.
 * For the bigger cell the pink/purple substance didn’t cover as much area compared to the rest.
 * For the smaller cell the pink/purple substance covers the whole area.

2. Trying to identify which cell was more or less efficient is hard because of the fact that there is such a difference in size. Even with this problem, I think that the biggest cell is the least efficient in absorbing the substance because it had so much more room yet filled very little of it. This is the same reason that the smallest cell is the most efficient because it filled up with the substance to the max even though it had less room to fill. 3. I think that the calculation that explains what we looked out at the cell model is distance of diffusion because after cutting the cells and soaking them we were looking at how far the substance went into the cell and the distance of diffusion explains what we saw. 4. If the cell is smaller in size then it will be more efficient in diffusing the substance around it.

=Protists=

Three Interesting Facts 1. When the organism Blepharisma lives in sun filled ponds they turn colorless. 2. If they are exposed to a lot of artificial light the pink pigment produces a toxin, that is poisonous, disintegrates the creature completely. http://www.ou.edu/class/pheidole/pr_funfacts.html (1 and 2) 3. They are rose colored and can be 150-300 cm long. http://www.microscope-microscope.org/applications/pond-critters/protozoans/ciliphora/blepharisma.htm (3)

=You are what you eat=

The saying “you are what you eat” has been said and heard many times. I haven’t ever really though about what it really means. Scientifically I think it means we are made of some of the same things that are in our food. In everything we eat whether it is vegetables or animals we are eating cells, and we are made of cells. Then there are other things like salt that we put on our food that are made of cells, but for the most part the things we eat are made of cells. Salt and water are made of molecules but in some ways you could say we don’t really eat them because they aren’t food, so I still stand with my meaning for the saying.


 * Why is it that healthy foods that have protein fill you up but sugary or salty foods don’t?
 * Are organic foods that much better for you?
 * Are vegetarians healthier than people that eat meat?
 * Why do people worry so much about how many carbohydrates they eat, is it important not to eat to much?
 * What is healthier vegetables or fruits?
 * What are noxious chemicals?
 * Where do the genes that cause diseases come from?
 * What does nutrition come from and mean?
 * How did they come up with this information?
 * What is a chronic disease?
 * What do you have to achieve to be in good health?
 * What is panacea?

=Biomolecules and food= Egg Yolk
 * 1. Testing for simple sugars**: negative (foggy blue)
 * Testing for protein**: positive (dark purple/black)
 * Testing for starches**: negative (change color)
 * Testing for fats and oils**: positive

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 * 2**. After doing some research on the nutritional information on egg yolks. I found out that they include 4.51 grams of fat, which means in the fats and oils test it needs to be positive. For proteins it has 2.7 grams and it should be positive in the test and it is. Egg yolks though don’t have any starches or simple sugars, which is backed up by my tests that show it is absent.

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 * 3**. I looked at two other foods that I am familiar with and have eating before. The foods I looked at other then the egg yolk are an apple and milk. I didn’t test the apple and the milk myself someone else in class did. For the apple it was tested positive for only simple sugars but negative for starches, protein, and fats and oils. For the milk it was negative for only starch but positive for protein, simple sugars, and fats and oils. The biomolecules found in a certain food do many things, but it doesn’t matter what food you find it in it still does the same thing. Proteins work with structure and helping with repairs of cells, tissues, etc. Fats are a different form of carbohydrate and store energy, so when the body really needs it they break it down to use as energy. Starches and simple sugar are a type of carbohydrate so it is used for energy to do things. All of these biomolecules are very important to our life and are broke down to be used in our bodies for different functions. Therefore, there are certain food we need to eat and have in our diets because of their biomolecules.

=DNA Replication Model= media type="file" key="DNA_Replication_DJ.mov" width="339" height="339"

Telomeres are found in the noncoding DNA the long area at the end of the chromosome. After watching the PowerPoint you already know that the replicating of the lagging strand is discontinuously and in okazaki fragments, the series of short segments. The enzyme DNA ligase combines the okazaki fragments together by a phosphodiester bond. The enzymes telomerase has the job of adding telomeres on the 3 prime end of the DNA, which lengths the DNA chromosome. Cancer is different from normal tissue because it can always grow no matter what. Caners show telomerase, which is the making of cancer stem cells uncontrollably making a tumor grow. Transplanted cells is a type of gene therapy where you take out cells from a patient and they change them with a gene to make that the patient can’t synthesize. Cloning can happen by taking the nucleus from another animal cell to make a new organism. The aging of cells could be changed by telomeres because when they steady get smaller within every mitosis it can cause cells to have a finite life span.

=Protein Synthesis Flip-book=

media type="file" key="Protien Synthesis_Flip Book.mov" width="349" height="349"

=Protein Synthesis Review=
 * 1) What are the steps of transcription? The steps of transcription are the DNA molecule is read and unwounded by RNA Polymerase and add complementary nucleotides on the side of the DNA in a single stranded mRNA molecule. The mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
 * 2) What are the steps of translation? The steps of translation are the mRNA strand is read by the ribosome and the molecule tRNA temporally connects to the mRNA strand and once another tRNA connects a peptide bond forms between both amino acids and the first tRNA leaves its amino acid and disconnects from the mRNA strand this process repeats until the stop codon is reached and no more tRNAs connect. The amino acids in the form of a peptide chain fold into the secondary structure and then the tertiary structure.
 * 3) List three differences between DNA and RNA. The three differences between DNA and RNA are uracil, single stranded, and ribose.
 * 4) List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it) The three types of RNA are mRNA is the messenger that brings a code from the DNA to the cytoplasm (Done in the nucleus and cytoplasm), tRNA transfers the amino acids to the ribosome (Done in the cytoplasm), and rRNA ribosome that translates the mRNA to protein (Done cytoplasm).
 * 5) What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA? The enzyme is RNA polymerase.
 * 6) Which molecule contains the genetic code? The molecule that contains the genetic code is DNA.
 * 7) Be sure you can transcribe a gene and determine the complementary amino acids. **Done**
 * 8) Be sure you can identify all the parts (see flip book requirement list) of both transcription and translation. **Done**

=Triple X Syndrome=


 * 1) Triple X Syndrome is a chromosomal mutation.
 * 2) Other names for Triple X Syndrome are trisomy X or 47, XXX.
 * 3) The symptoms of this chromosomal mutation can be that the girls are taller then average, learning disabilities, slow development of language and speech skills, hypotonia (weak muscle tone), delayed movement skills (sitting and walking), and it is possible to have behavioral and emotional problems, but symptoms vary widely between girls and women affect.
 * 4) In all newborn girls this condition happens in only 1 in every 1,000.
 * 5) This symptom occurs when females have an extra X chromosome in their cells so instead of 46 chromosomes they have 47 chromosomes.

Link: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/triple-x-syndrome

=Intro Activity to Fuel Economy= In a country the high the fuel economy the higher the taxes, but it is still always smaller. The most often used transportation is automobiles, and type of vehicle is vans, trucks, SUVs, and so on. Fuel needed for cars is very important for transportation, so a high fuel economy and low taxes is important in countries.
 * 1. What relationships do you notice between the fuel economy and the taxes in a given country?**
 * 2. Do a quick research of the most often used transportation (types of vehicles) for the countries.**
 * 3. What conclusion can we draw?**