V+(Raphael)

flat =Cell Size Lab=

1. There were a few similarities and differences between the blocks after they were placed in the solution. First, they were similar because of their color, they were all a purple like color. Also, the substance penetrated the the blocks in equal distance in each block, the distance was 5 millimeters. Differences were that the smallest block which was 1x1x1 was completely purple, the 2x2x2 block had a thick ring of purple around it and the 3x3x3 block had a thinner ring around it.

2. The most efficient cell seemed to be the smallest cell (1x1x1) because it completely diffused the solvent through the block in the ten minutes it was placed in the solution. The least efficient cell seemed to be the largest cell (3x3x3) because it had the smallest percentage of diffusion occur with in it. This is because it had the smallest amount of the purple solvent diffused into it because it is so big.

3. The rate of diffusion is the calculation that seemed to explain what happened through the cell models. This is because it showed how fast the solvent would be diffused into the cell. The rate for our cells were .05cm per minute.

4. If your block of agar is smaller, then it will be more efficient of diffusing the solvent. If your block of agar is bigger, then it will be less efficient of diffusing the solvent.

=Protist Lab=

Blempharisma From: []
 * This group has about 40 accepted species
 * Could be as small as 50 micrometers
 * Photophobic when light is increased they seek out darker areas

=You Are What You Eat=

“You are what you eat” means that if you eat healthy, you will most likely be a generally healthy person. If you don’t eat healthy, you probably won’t be a very healthy person. This doesn’t necessarily mean if you eat healthy you won’t contract disease, it may help prevent them, but we could all contract disease such as cancer through heredity or unknown causes.

Questions:


 * 1) What's the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
 * 2) What is a trans fat?
 * 3) Where do saturated and unsaturated fats come from?

=Biomolecules in Foods Lab=

1. My food that I tested was apple juice. It tested but positive for sugars, but negative for starches, proteins, fats and oils. 2. Apple juice is not supposed to have starches, proteins, fats or oils. This proves that my tests were correct. 3. Cooked Rice Starch- yes starches- no Protein- no Fats- no

Cooked rice and apple juice have the same results and are consistent with eachother.

=**Biomolecule Extra Credit**=

Questions that I asked during the "You are What You Eat" Activity included What's the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?, What is a trans fat?, and Where do saturated and unsaturated fats come from? There are many differences between saturated and unsaturated fats. Some of the many big differences would include saturated fats have a single bond, increases LDL, has a high melting point, and the physical state at room temperature is a solid; while unsaturated fats have at least one double bond, increases HDL, low melting point, and the physical state at room temperature is a liquid. Trans fats are found naturally in nature in beef, lamb, and full-fat dairy products, but most of the trans fats people now consume come from processed foods. Trans fats raise LDL which is the bad cholesterol, this can lead to clogged arteries. Saturated fats can be found in Butter, coconut oil, whole milk, meat, peanut, butter, margarine, cheese, vegetable oil, fried foods, & frozen dinners. Unsaturated fats can be found in Avocado, soybean oil, canola oil and olive oil, sunflower oil, fish oils walnuts, flax, & red meats.

Sources: http://www.diffen.com/difference/Saturated_Fats_vs_Unsaturated_Fats http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/understanding-trans-fats

=DNA Replication=

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=Protein Synthesis Flip Book=

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=Protein Synthesis Review Questions:= What are the steps of transcription? The Double Helix of DNA unwinds as the hydrogen bonds between the bases of the two 'poly nucleotide' strands are broken down. Enzymes are used. One strand is used as a template to copy DNA "sense strand" Free mono nucleotides lying free in the nucleus line up along the sense strand by specific base pairing. Condensation reaction links up the mono nucleotides into a poly nucleotide strand. The new strand formed is a messenger RNA. It then moves out of the nucleus through the nuclear poles heading for the ribosomes ready for translation. The DNA strands regain there hydrogen bonds and coil int a double helix again unaltered. *** that's why its called transcription.**


 * What are the steps of translation? **
 * Translation: Each set of 3 bases on the mRNA is called a codon. Each codon calls for a specific amino acid to be brought to the building site. The first codon is always AUG, so it is called the start codon . In the cytoplasm are molecules of tRNA. On one end of a tRNA molecule is the anticodon: a set of three bases that will match a certain codon. The other end of the tRNA can pick up and hold a certain amino acid. Each tRNA can only hold one kind of amino acid. A tRNA with an anticodon that matches whichever codon is in place on the ribosome (think of that codon as being "at bat") clicks into place. The codon and anticodon fit together like two pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Since the first codon is AUG, the first anticodon must have the matching bases UAC. (Memory trick: AU match like in AUstralia; CG match and they both are round letters.) The process moves along to the next codon, or the next "batter". Lets say that the next codon is UCC. Then a tRNA with the anticodon AGG will fit. The amino acid brought by the first tRNA bonds to the amino acid brought by the second tRNA. The first tRNA is free to go, and the second tRNA stays in place for now. Steps 7 and 8 repeat until finally they come to an mRNA codon that is the STOP codon. At this point the amino acid chain breaks off, folds up, and the protein is ready to use.**


 * List three differences between DNA and RNA **
 * DNA is double-stranded helix, RNA is single stranded helix.**
 * DNA is composed of deoxyribose sugar, RNA is composed of ribose sugar.**
 * DNA has Thymine as a pairing to Adenine, RNA has Uracil in place of Thymine as a pairing to Adenine.**

mRNA or Messenger RNA- ** mRNA transcribes the genetic code from DNA into a form that can be read and used to make proteins. mRNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell. ** rRNA or Ribosomal RNA- ** rRNA is located in the cytoplasm of a cell, where ribosomes are found. rRNA directs the translation of mRNA into proteins. ** tRNA or Transfer RNA-** Like rRNA, tRNA is located in the cellular cytoplasm and is involved in protein synthesis. Transfer RNA brings or transfers amino acids to the ribosome that correspond to each three-nucleotide codon of rRNA. The amino acids then can be joined together and processed to make polypeptides and proteins.
 * List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it) **

What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA? RNA polymerase.

Which molecule contains the genetic code? DNA

= Edward Syndrome = 1. It is a chromosomal mutation. 2. Also known as Trisomy 18. 3. Symptoms: 4. The prevalence of Edward Syndrome is about 1 in every 5,000 born babies. 5. The cause of Edward Syndrome is having three of the chromosome 18. http://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-trisomy-18
 * Cleft palate
 * Clenched fists with overlapping fingers that are hard to straighten
 * Defects of the lungs, kidneys, and stomach/intestines
 * Deformed feet (called "rocker-bottom feet" because they're shaped like the bottom of a rocking chair)
 * Feeding problems
 * Heart defects, including a hole between the heart's upper (atrial septal defect) or lower (ventricular septal defect) chambers
 * Low-set ears
 * Severe developmental delays
 * Chest deformity
 * Slowed growth
 * Small head (microcephaly)
 * Small jaw (micrognathia)
 * Weak cry