Laken+Poole

= = flat =Cell Size Lab: Individual= Q.) Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half. Q.) What “cell”, seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain. Q.) Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so? Q.) Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis. (Remember: Use an If... then… statement.)
 * Each cube was colored only .5 cm. However, as the cube got smaller, the more the color filled it.
 * The smallest cell was the most efficient when getting outside substances into the cell and the biggest cell was the least efficient when getting outside substances into the cell. When each cube was cut open, the 1x1x1 cube was completely filled with the color dye. The other two cubes weren’t so successful with this process and the color dye never reached the center.
 * The distance of diffusion calculation explains what was observed in the cell models because it shows how much each cell was colored and as the models got smaller the easier it was for the color dye to fill the whole cell.
 * If the cell is small then the more efficient it will be when taking in substances from outside of the cell.

= Protists Lab: =




 * Stentor is named after a Greek hero in the Trojan War. The Greek hero was known for his loud voice. His loud voice was like the sound of a trumpet rising up over the sound of other instruments. The reason why the Stentor was named after the Greek hero was because the organism is shaped somewhat like a trumpet.
 * Leaves falling in water and decaying support the growth of bacteria. This supports the growth of large numbers of Stentor because Stentor feed on bacteria. (Website for 1 & 2: [] )
 * Stentor normally lives in freshwater habitats and like being in dim areas. (Website: [] )

=You Are What You Eat:= I’ve always heard people saying, “well you are what you eat,” but I haven’t really thought about it. Sitting down now and thinking about the saying, I suppose it does have a little bit of truth to it. How I think about it is if you eat in an unhealthy way, then your going to be unhealthy. If you overeat, chances are you’re going to be over weight. That’s mainly how I think about the saying “you are what you eat” and that’s what it means to me.

What is actually in the food? Where does it come from? How is it that skinny people can eat a lot without gaining a lot of weight? Was it prepared correctly?

=Biomolecules in Foods:=

1.) __Coca- Cola__ Negative Negative Negative Negative
 * Test 1: Benedicts**
 * Test 2: Iodine**
 * Test 3: Biuret**
 * Test 4: Sudan IV**

__Black bean__ Negative Positive Negative Positive
 * Test 1: Benedicts**
 * Test 2: Iodine**
 * Test 3: Biuret **
 * Test 4: Sudan IV**

2.) Coca-Cola: Simple Sugars- 39 grams Positive Starch- Negative Proteins- 0 grams Negative Fats and Oils- 0 Negative http://www.fatsecret.com/calories-nutrition/coca-cola/coco-cola-classic-%2812-oz%29

Black Beans: Simple Sugars- 0 Negative Starch- 0 Negative Proteins- 15 grams Positive Fats and Oils- 1 gram Positive http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/legumes-and-legume-products/4284/2

Based on the research, the test for simple sugars in Coca-Cola should have been positive rather than negative. The other test results for Coca-Cola came out negative and based on the research, there are no starches, proteins, fats or oils that should have been found in Coca-Cola. According to the tests I did on black beans there were no simple sugars or proteins found. The tests for starch, fats and oils, however, were positive. When doing the research, black beans have no simple sugars or starches but should have been tested positive for proteins, fats and oils.

3.) Potato: Simple Sugars- Positive Starch- Positive Proteins- Positive Fats and Oils- Negative

Oatmeal: Simple Sugars- Positive Starch- Positive Proteins- Negative Fats and Oils- Positive

Black Beans: Simple Sugars- Negative Starch- Positive Proteins- Negative Fats and Oils- Positive

Corn: Simple Sugars- Negative Starch- Positive Proteins- Positive Fats and Oils- Negative

Looking at tests that other groups did for potatoes and oatmeal, I discovered that they are very different to the results of the tests my group did on black beans and corn. Potatoes contain simple sugars, starches and proteins. Oatmeal contains simple sugars, starches, fats and oils. My group did tests on the black beans and the corn. We discovered that black beans contain starch, fats and oils while corn contains starch and proteins. One thing that all of these foods have in common is starch. Doing research I found out what simple sugars, starches, proteins, fats and oils all are used for in the body. Simple sugars are used as an energy source for the body. Some starches are used as an energy source while others help to regulate blood sugar, improve appetite control and promote bowel health. Proteins provide structure to muscles and organs. The interaction of muscle fibers with the body skeleton allows the body to move. It also is used to help build up immune cells, blood cells, enzymes and hormones. Fats are used as an energy source. They can be stored in fat tissues for later use if the body’s calorie intake is too low.

http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/sugar-fat-protein-starches-used-human-body-7086.html

= = =Biomolecule extra credit:= = = 1.) When we order food from fast food restaurants we think that what is actually in the food is what the name says it is. However we are mistaken. Many fast food restaurants improvise or switch out food that is supposed to be used to make your order. For example, a study has been done and it was discovered that in fast food breakfast sandwiches the eggs are actually a mixture of eggs and premium egg blend, which is made out of stuff that you wouldn’t think would be eatable. These things include glycerin, a solvent found in soap and shaving cream, dimethylpolysiloxane, a silicone that can also be found in Silly Putty, and calcium silicate, a sealant used on roofs and concrete. It is said that in McDonald’s restaurants, when you order McNuggets, you are actually ordering what was once bones and carcasses of a leftover chicken mixed together by a food processor. These are only a few examples. There are many more foods that contain unknown facts and ingredients that restaurants serve you. = = [] = = 2.) Food comes from all over the world. We use our worldwide sources to receive the ingredients that are used to make our foods. However, it’s hard to determine where the food has come from just by looking at it. You would have to start with reading their labels first. The label normally tells you the location of the manufacturer, such as what state it was shipped from or what country it came from and so one. The label should also give a list of the ingredients that were used to make the food. From that list, if you were really interested in knowing, you could do some research and look up where that particular ingredient came from. = =  [] = = 3.) A lot of people don’t quite understand how some can eat so much and stay so thin. Well, this may be because of many reasons. One reason being that they have a high metabolism. Another reason that has been studied was that people who are able to eat a lot and not be effected by it is because they may be more active than most other people. This doesn’t mean physically active though. These people may just fidget more than others do and probably chooses to stand while some are sitting. This is a practice known as non-exercise activity thermogenesis. Another reason may be because of the amount of muscle that person may have. Muscle takes more calories to maintain than fat, so the more muscle you have, the more calories you burn--even as you sleep. = =  []
 * What is actually in the food? **
 * Where does it come from? **
 * How is it that skinny people can eat a lot without gaining a lot of weight? **

4.) Making sure that food is being prepared correctly is a very essential part of eating healthy and being sure not to get food poison or any other harmful bacteria’s from improperly prepared foods. It’s very important to wash your hands before preparing food because our hands are one of the main sources to how germs are spread. Cooking food at the right temperature will ensure that any harmful bacteria are killed. Washing fruits and vegetables under cold water helps to remove germs and any visible dirt. When you peel or cook fruits and vegetables it also helps get rid of the germs that would not be very good for your body. It’s also important to wash the area that you were using to prepare the food before and after. This area can be a source of cross contamination and can generate bad germs that you wouldn’t want to get on other foods, dishes, or even yourself.
 * Was it prepared correctly? **

[]

=DNA Replication:= media type="custom" key="25079196"

=Protein Synthesis Review Questions:= Transcription is the process that creates RNA. An RNA polymerase attaches to a strand of DNA. It then unwinds the DNA strand, while unwinding the DNA it reads the DNA nucleotides. While reading the DNA strand the RNA Polymerase synthesizes a single mRNA strand. A ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand at the start codon. tRNA carries an amino acid and anticodons. The tRNA carries an anticodon and amino acid to the corresponding nucleotides on the mRNA strand. Two tRNA molecules are working in the ribosome at once. Once the third tRNA comes, the first one leaves, leaving behind the amino acid it carries and taking the anticodon. The amino acid bonds to the amino acid on another tRNA with a peptide bond. The process continues. Once the ribosome reaches the stop codon, the process is over. The sugar used to make DNA and RNA are different. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose while the sugar in RNA is ribose. Also, one of the nucleotides in DNA and RNA are different. DNA uses the nucleotide called thymine while RNA uses uracil. The last difference is that DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded. mRNA- the messenger RNA, carries the DNA message tRNA- transfers amino acids to the ribosome rRNA- Reads the RNA and builds polypeptide chain RNA polymerase is used to build a strand of mRNA. DNA is the molecule that contains the genetic code.
 * 1) What are the steps of transcription?
 * 1) What are the steps of translation?
 * 1) List three differences between DNA and RNA
 * 1) List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it)
 * 1) What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA?
 * 1) Which molecule contains the genetic code?

=Flip Book Project:= media type="custom" key="25202668"

=Mutations:= __** Sickle-Cell Anemia Information: **__ 1.) single gene or chromosomal mutation? []


 * single-gene mutation

2.) Other names? []


 * HbS disease
 * Hemoglobin S disease
 * Hemoglobin SS disease
 * Sickle cell disease (a broad term that includes sickle cell anemia)
 * Sickle cell disorders (a broad group of conditions that includes sickle cell anemia)
 * Sickling disorder due to hemoglobin S

3.) Symptoms? []


 * Episodes of pain, hand-foot syndrome, frequent infections, delayed growth, vision problems.

4.) Prevalence? []


 * SCD affects 90,000 to 100,000 Americans.
 * SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 500 Black or African-American births.
 * SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 36,000 Hispanic-American births.
 * SCT occurs among about 1 in 12 Blacks or African Americans.

5.) Cause? []


 * Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherited disease.

=Intro Activity to Fuel Economy:= The relationship that is noticeable is that the higher the taxes are the more the government tries to achieve a better fuel economy. There are many different ways that countries get around. Turkey, Ireland, and Canada are most likely to take buses. Britain, Italy, and the United States are more likely to drive cars. South Korea, Germany, Norway, Spain, Greece, Hungary, and Australia all prefer public transportation. France, Poland, Japan, and New Zealand all take trains. New Zealand also is known for water transportation. Japan and the Netherlands use bicycling as other means of transportation. A conclusion that can be made after observing the charts is that if taxes raised, the lower countries would have to improve their economy. Also, there are many different ways for transporting and the countries that have the lesser efficient transportation mechanisms have lower taxes because those countries don't have to worry as much about supplying a lot of fuel.
 * 1.) What relationships do you notice between the fuel economy and the taxes in a given country?**
 * 2.) Do a quick research of the most often used transportation for the countries.**
 * 3.) What conclusions can we draw?**