Danielle

= = flat = = =**__Cell Size Lab__**=

__Similar__
 * The solution went in .5cm deep on each “cell”
 * After each cube soaked in the solution for 10 min. they turned a purple/pink color
 * Each cube has a light center and a dark ring around it, which was how far the solution soaked in
 * Rate of diffusion was the same 0.05cm/min for each cell

__Different__
 * In the biggest cell, the solution that diffused was .5cm in but since it was so big it didn’t take up the entire cell
 * In the medium cell, the solution diffused .5cm in but it also had a decent light area where the diffusion did not reach, it was smaller than the biggest cell but bigger than the smallest cell
 * In the smallest cell, the solution went in .5cm but it took up the whole area of the cell making the center purple/pink
 * Each cube “cell” was a different size: 3x3x3cm, 2x2x2cm, and 1x1x1cm

2. Each of the “cells” seemed to be pretty efficient at getting outside substances in because they each diffused .5cm in. The cells were different sizes though, and the biggest cell, 3x3x3, had more space for the diffusion to occur. Due to the little amount of time for it to sit in the solution the diffusion did not go the whole way through the cell making it seem least efficient. On the other hand the smallest cell seemed to be most efficient because it had less space for diffusion to occur. The diffusion took up the whole cell due to the cell being 1x1x1 and the solution went in .5cm on each side, which takes up the whole cell (.5 + .5 = 1cm). The 2x2x2 cell was more efficient than the 3x3x3cm cell but less efficient than the 1x1x1 cell. The 2x2x2 had more area to cover than the 1x1x1 but less area to cover than the 3x3x3.

3. Our calculation, rate of diffusion, was what we observed in our cell models. The rate of diffusion was .05cm/min. We let the cells sit in the solution for 10 minutes so each cell would of have had .5 centimeters of diffusion. The smallest cell, 1x1x1, diffused the whole way through but due to the other cells being bigger they did not get a chance to. If the other cells had more time you would of seen that the solution would of also diffused the whole way through. I am positive this is what we observed because if the smallest cell’s solution diffused 0.5cm on each side; the cell would have been diffused 1cm total all the way around, which would be the whole cell. On the other cells they also would of diffused 1cm total (the rate of diffusion was the same for all of them) so that means the 2x2x2 cell would of taken another 10 minutes to cover it’s extra centimeter all around and the 3x3x3 cell would of taken an extra 20 minutes to cover it’s extra 2 centimeters all the way around.

4. Hypothesis: If the cell were bigger the less efficient the diffusion would be and if the cell is smaller the more efficient it’s diffusion would be.

=__Protists Lab__=


 * Paramecium Multimicronucleatum **
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 * When the paramecium multimicronucleatum runs into a negative stimulus it will turn a full 360 degrees in order to getaway.
 * Due to the paramecium’s slipper-like shape it is commonly nicknamed slipper animalcules.
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 * The paramecium release dart like objects from their underside when under attack.
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 * These are some of the oldest organisms found on earth.
 * You can actually see the paramecium multimicronucleatum without a microscope but it just looks like a speck of something.

= __You Are What You Eat__ =

You are what you eat means to me that depending on what you eat will depend on how you look, act, and feel. If you eat “junk food”, chocolate, candy, chips, etc. a lot, chances are you will be bigger and feel and act sluggish. You also tend to have heath problems such as high blood pressure, heart problems, and many others. But when you eat healthy foods such as fruit, vegetables, meats, etc. you feel more energized and ready to go. People that tend to watch what they eat and eat healthy are normally in better shape and don’t have as many health problems. Healthy foods, healthy you and non-healthy foods, non-healthy you; that is what-you are what you eat- means to me.
 * Is it true that carrots help with your eyesight?
 * Is it true that an apple a day keeps the doctor away?
 * In TV commercials such as Sensa or Nurtisystem what is different with that food compared to the same food made by someone else? Is that food even good for you or does it have long/short term effects?

=__Biomolecules in Food Lab__=

Green Banana


 * Benedict Test (simple sugars)**: Negative (stayed blue)


 * Iodine (starch)**: positive (turned black)


 * Biuret (proteins)**: negative (stayed blue)


 * Sudan IV (fats and oils)**: negative

**2.** After doing a little research I found out that green bananas generally do not contain protein or lipids. The Biuret (protein) and Sudan IV (lipids) test were negative, and the research conducted said they should be negative. Green bananas contain starch and a lot of it. As the banana ripens the starch polymers break down through the process of hydrolysis and become simple sugars. That is why green bananas are bitter and ripe bananas are sweet. There is a chance the Benedict test (simple sugars) could have been positive it the banana has started ripening and breaking down into simple sugars but it came up negative so the banana was probably very green and not starting to ripen. In conclusion, my results are pretty much accurate, green bananas contain small amounts or no lipids, proteins, or simple sugars but are made almost entirely of starch. This all means that the Benedict, Biuret, and Sudan IV should have been negative and the Iodine test should have been positive, which the test conducted proved that to be true.

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**3.** Looking at some other fruits such as avocados, really ripe bananas, apples, and my green banana I compared the molecules found in them. To tell you the truth there really was no rhyme to reason with the fruit molecules. The apple and ripe banana were very similar but the avocado and green banana were different from the other fruits. The apple and ripe banana both had simple sugars and starches + protein were both negative. The only difference was their fats and oils, ripe bananas contained fats and oils where as apples did not. No biomolecule was shared with all the fruits; three of the fruits may contain the same biomolecule but one fruit would always be the outcast. So, different foods (even if categorized together such as fruit) contain different molecules; meaning you need many different foods to acquire the biomolecules your body needs. The foods containing the biomolecules starch or simple sugar are used mainly for energy and a little for structure but proteins are the main structural biomolecules. Fats and oils (lipids) are used for insulation in our bodies. It’s interesting to know that we need these biomolecules but we, humans, abuse them in the sense that we overuse them. Overusing these biomolecules are leading to health problems.

= Biomolecule Extra Credit =


 * ** Is it true that carrots help with your eyesight? ** Carrots are good for your eyes health but if you already have bad eyes it will not improve your vision. Beta-carotene a type of vitamin A that is found in carrots as well many other vegetables and orange fruits. Lack of vitamin A can cause blindness, dry eyes, swollen eyelids, and many other problems. So in conclusion, carrots help keep your eyes healthy but won’t make you see better and other vegetables/fruits that contain vitamin A also keep your eyes healthy. This research did not really surprise me because I knew this was a wives tale but also I believe foods (such as vegetables/fruits) are good for your health but cannot heal you of an illness/injury.

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 * ** Is it true that an apple a day keeps the doctor away? ** Apples contain pectin (lows blood pressure and glucose levels), boron (helps strong bones and brain), quercetin (reduces certain cancer risks), vitamin C (helps immunity) and many phytonutrients (reduces risk of heart disease, asthma, and diabetes). Not only do apples contain all these good nutrients but they also help clean teeth and are low in calories. Although apples are good all around they will not keep you away from a doctor or illnesses. I don’t believe there is one food we could eat in the world that makes us immune to all things that are out there but someday there might be with the way technology is advancing.


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 * ** In TV commercials such as Sensa or Nurtisystem what is different with that food compared to the same food made by someone else? Is that food even good for you or does it have long/short term effects? ** It appears after a little research that Nurtisystem has no noticeable affect to the body considered unhealthy although the system has not been given enough time to see it there are any long term effects. From what I read the food is well balanced and basically the calorie intake is less than what we normally eat on a daily basis, which leads to weight loss. The food does not contain any weird ingredients that could harm your body.


 * Sensa is made from maltodextrin, tricalcium phosphate, silica, and different flavors. Considering I don’t know what most of those things are I would be a little leery about using this product also the picture of it makes it look like little specks of metal, which I find a little untrustworthy. Considering the studies of this product have not been published in the medical journal it leads me and probably others to find this product phony and considering he did not want to publish his scientific research it leads me to believe there could be something wrong with it. We will not know what effects this product and many other products could have on our bodies.


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=DNA Replication=

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=Protein Synthesis Flipbook=

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=Protein Synthesis Questions=


 * 1) ** What are the steps of transcription? ** RNA polymerase reads and makes a copy of the DNA by creating a short single stranded molecule called mRNA. mRNA leaves through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm.
 * 2) ** What are the steps of translation? ** A ribosome reads the mRNA stand and then a tRNA molecule comes in and brings complementary anticodons. Specific amino acids are left behind from the specific anticodon sequence, they form peptide bonds, fold up on themselves to form proteins that now have a function.
 * 3) ** List three differences between DNA and RNA. ** DNA contains deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose, DNA contains thymine while RNA has uracil, DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded.
 * 4) ** List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it). ** mRNA- messenger RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, copied from part of a DNA strand. rRNA- ribosomal RNA (ribosome) found in the cytoplasm, reads the mRNA strand. tRNA- transfer RNA found in the cytoplasm, adds complementary anticodons and leaves amino acids.
 * 5) ** What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA? ** RNA polymerase
 * 6) ** Which molecule contains the genetic code? ** Chromosomes

= Mutations: Muscular Dystrophy =
 * 1) **Single Gene or Chromosomal Mutation:** Chromosomal Mutation
 * 2) **Other names?** MD
 * 3) **Symptoms:** difficulty moving, sitting, standing, maybe even smiling or waving; and can affect heart, lung, and other body organ muscles by weakening them (generally symptoms get worse over time), drooping eyelids and drooling are also common
 * 4) **Prevalence:** 1 in 8,000 people worldwide
 * 5) **Cause:** inherited disorder of weakened muscles and/or loss of muscle caused by the DNA sequence repeating and creating an expanded mRNA strand

[|http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/bones/muscular_dystrophy.html#]

[|http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002172/#adam_001190.disease.symptoms]

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=Intro Activity to Fuel Economy=

The higher the fuel economy the higher the gas taxes and the lower the fuel economy the lower the gas taxes. US: cars/trucks; Netherlands: trains; France: trains; Germany: buses; UK: cars/vans; Spain: buses/trains; Canada: trains/cars The better the economy the more one pays on gas taxes and areas where large transportation is such as the Netherlands and Germany have higher taxes than those of small transportation vehicles.
 * 1) What relationship do you notice between the fuel economy and the taxes in a given country?**
 * 2) Do a quick research of the most often used transportation (types of vehicles) for the countries?**
 * 3) What conclusions can we draw?**