Brady+Young

toc =Protists Lab= []
 * When frightened, the spirostomum can contract to less then half its’ extended length. This happens in a mere 1/2000 of a second, which is the fastest cell contraction in the world. When it does this, the spinal structure of the organism becomes invisible.

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 * The spirostomum has multiple nuclei which form a long strand within its’ structure that resembles a line of spheres.

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 * Spirostomum have mouth openings on either side of their bodies that contain a row of cilia. This allows them to feed on bacteria.

=Cell Size Lab= 1. All of the cubes were similar because no matter the size of them, the diffusion occurred at the same rate. This means that the substance penetrated the same distance into all the cubes because they are all made out of the same material. However, they differ due to the fact that in the small cube, the substance was completely throughout it, while in the other ones the pink substance only went a certain distance through it because they were bigger and would have taken more time to complete the diffusion. This is because the bigger cubes had more material for the substance to get through. 2. The "cell" that seemed to be most efficient in moving outside substances into the cell was the smallest cube. This is because even though all three cubes have the same rate of diffusion, the smallest cube had the least amount of material that the substance had to penetrate, resulting in getting external substances completely into the cell much faster than the larger ones. The cell that was 3cm x 3cm was the least efficient cell because it had the most material. This caused the substance to reach the center much slower, making it less productive. 3. The calculation that seemed to explain what we observed in our cell models was the rate of diffusion. This is because we saw how much of the substance penetrated the cubes, which was going into them due to the process of diffusion. 4. If a cell is smaller, then it will be more efficient. In our experiment, the smallest cube was penetrated by the substance completely much faster than the bigger cubes because they are all made out of the same substance, which had the same diffusion rate. So that means that smaller cells can obtain external substances much more efficiently and faster than bigger cells.

=You Are What You Eat= You are what you eat because the things you put in your body determine how much nutrients you give it and how well it functions. Therefore, if you eat healthy, you body will function very well and you will get more out of what you consume, including energy. However, if you eat junk food your body will not function as well and it will lack essential nutrients, along with gaining weight.

Questions:
 * How does sugar make you gain weight?
 * Are multivitamins effective?
 * Does taking in more than your recommended daily intake of a vitamin (like vitamin C) harm your health

=Biomolecules in Foods= For this lab, I tested gelatin, which was negative in Benedict's test. It was also negative in the iodine and fats tests. However, it was positive for proteins, which make up 98-99% of gelatin.

1. Final Results of Experiment 2. Based on my research, gelatin should have been positive for the fat test because it has 0.2 grams per serving. However, all the other tests that I conducted had the correct results.

3. General vegetables and fish have many biomolecules that make them up in common. Both contain some kind of fat/oil and protein. However, vegetables have carbohydrates, where as fish don't. Also, only vegetables have simple sugars, not fish. When you consume vegetables, the carbohydrates are used for energy, fats can be used for membrane structures, the protein is used to rebuild muscle, and the simple sugars don't have a significant nutritional value, but it can still be absorbed in little amounts. When you eat fish, you obtain protein to rebuild muscles and fats for membrane structures. However, you don't obtain carbohydrates or simple sugars. http://seafoodhealthfacts.org/seafood_nutrition/practitioners/composition_chart.php http://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/labelingnutrition/ucm063367.htm

=Extra Credit= 1. How does sugar make you gain weight? Sugar makes you gain weight because it causes an increase of glucose in your blood and gives your body an instant energy boost. Therefore, your body releases insulin which causes the sugar level to drop. This reaction then makes you feel hungry again, consuming more calories that are stored as fat. 2. Are multivitamins effective? In general, multivitamins are not effective. While they can give you a benefit to some degree, it is no substitution for actually eating a balanced diet full of natural nutrients. Some vitamins actually have substances that can harm your health in them. 3. Does taking in more than your recommended daily intake of a vitamin (like vitamin C) harm your health? Yes, taking in more than your daily recommended intake of a vitamin can harm your health. For instance, if you consume an overly large amount of vitamin C it could cause nausea, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.

= DNA Replication Activity = = media type="custom" key="25076898" = = =

=Protein Synthesis Project= media type="custom" key="25199922"

=Protein Synthesis Review Questions= The DNA molecule is unwound and mRNA is made. It then exits the cell into the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore. The mRNA comes in contact with the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosome moves down the mRNA strand and tRNA attaches and falls off of the molecule. The end result is an amino acid chain that folds into a three dimensional shape to determine its function. RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded. In RNA adenine pairs with uracil and in DNA adenine pairs with thymine. Also, RNA is smaller than DNA. The three types of RNA are mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA acts as a messenger by delivering the code from DNA inside the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. tRNA transfers an amino acid chain to the growing polypeptide chain when the ribosome moves down the mRNA strand. rRNA coordinates the actions of both mRNA and tRNA. RNA Polymerase DNA
 * 1) What are the steps of transcription?
 * 1) What are the steps of translation?
 * 1) List three differences between DNA and RNA
 * 1) List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it)
 * 1) What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA?
 * 1) Which molecule contains the genetic code?
 * 1) Be sure you can transcribe a gene and determine the complementary amino acids.


 * 1) Be sure you can identify all the parts (see flip book requirement list) of both transcription and translation.

= XYY Karyotype =


 * 1) This is a chromosomal mutation in which a human male has an extra Y chromosome. The male then has a total of 47 chromosomes compared to the normal 48 chromosomes in humans.
 * 2) This is also known as XYY syndrome.
 * 3) Males with XXY Karyotype have a higher level of growth from birth. This makes them grow past their predicted heights.
 * 4) XYY Karyotype affects 1 out of every 1,000 men.
 * 5) This mutation commonly occurs during the formation of sperm cells. During anaphase II of meiosis II, a mistake in chromosome separation results in sperm cells that have extra copies of the Y chromosome. If this cell fertilizes an egg and a child is formed, it will then have an extra y chromosome in all of its body cells.

=** Developing vs Developed Countries **=

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[|https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~tiern20l/classweb/climatechange/development.html]

1. Why do developing countries have such high birth rates? Developing countries have high birth rates because of their high death rates. Having more children means that they will have a better chance of surviving and continuing their family.

2. Why do developed countries have low birth rates? Developed countries have low birth rates because the chance of a child surviving to adulthood is much greater. This is due to the low death rates that developed countries have from improved sanitation and nutrition. These countries also have developed economies and education systems.

3. How do developed and developing countries impact the environment? As a developing country becomes developed, it means that it will become more industrialized. This means that it will have a bigger effect on the environment as more and more carbon emissions are released into the air. So as a country grows and develops, it causes more damage to the environment.

=** Demographic Transition **=

__ http://geography.about.com/od/culturalgeography/a/demotransition.htm __

__ http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/pop_socio/pop_socio.html __

1. What are the 4 stages of demographic transition?

In the first stage of demographic transition, both birth rates and death rates are high. This causes a slowly steady increase of the population. The second stage there is a faster growth of the population due to the beginning of a decline in death rates. The birth rates remain high. Birth rates start to decline during the third stage. The fourth stage is when the birth rate and death rate equalize. The growth of the population stabilizes. The growth may completely stop in some cases.

2. Compare the 4 stages in terms of available medical care, resources including food, sanitary conditions, infant mortality, life expectancy, types of jobs, etc.

When every country starts out in the first stage, they have very little medical care and food, poor sanitary conditions, high infant mortality, short life expectancy, and low paying jobs. However, all of these continue to improve throughout the stages until there is amble medical care and food, good sanitary conditions, low infant mortality, a long life expectancy, and high paying jobs in the fourth stage.

3.What happens to the birth and death rate when countries go through the 4 stages?

Both the birth rate and death rate decrease until they are equalized as they go through the 4 stages of demographic transition.

4. What happens to the overall population as countries go through the 4 stages? Why does the change in population still increase?

The population begins at a slow and steady growth of population. From there, the population goes through a rapid increase until it stabilizes due to both the birth and death rate decreasing and equalizing.

5. Give examples of countries that are currently in the 4 stages of demographic transition.

Uganda is in the first stage, Zambia is in the second stage, Cambodia is in the third stage, and Canada is in the fourth stage of demographic transition.