Alli+I.

=Cell Size Lab:= 1. Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half.
 * The 2x2x2 and the 3x3x3 cubes looked almost the same as far as how far the liquid penetrated the cell. The smallest cell look as if the substance went the whole way through but in reality it went the same distance as the other ones but because it had a small surface area.**

2. Which "cell" seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain.
 * All of the cells had the same efficiency as each other. The distance of diffusion was the same but the smaller cube had the most dark pink/purple color because there was less surface area.**

3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so?
 * The distance of diffusion explains what we observed in the cell models because the whole point of the lab was to see which cell was more efficient at letting liquids in.**

4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis.
 * If the cells are smaller or bigger then the efficiency will be the same but the smaller cell will have the appearance of being more efficient.**

=**Protists**= Euglena have a star shaped cell at the rear end of the cell which is orange in color, assists in excretion, and is called the contractile vacuole. []

It can produce its own food but it also consumes food from its environment. []

It also has a red eye-spot that is sensitive to light and therefore helps it find light. []

=You are what you eat= You are what you eat means to me that whatever you eat shows on your physical attributes. For example if you eat a lot of junk food you will be overweight. If you feed your body with good vitamins and nutrients and exercise you will show it because you won’t be overweight. I feel that whatever you eat in private is what you show in public.

Questions: Why do some people have higher metabolisms than other? Why does muscle weigh more than fat?

=Biomolecules in Foods Lab= Whey Protein

1) Simple Sugar- Negative Starches- Negative Proteins- Positive Fats and Oils-Negative

2) The Benedicts test should have been positive because whey protein contains 3grams (1%) carbohydrates (simple sugars). The Sudan IV test also should have been positive because whey protein has 2 grams (3%) of fat. The little amounts that were present in the whey protein were the reason why some of the tests were negative instead of positive.

3)
 * Egg Yolk**
 * Testing for simple sugars **: negative (foggy blue)


 * Testing for protein **: positive (dark purple/black)


 * Testing for starches **: negative (change color)


 * Testing for fats and oils **: positive


 * Whey Protein**
 * Simple Sugar**- Negative
 * Starches-** Negative
 * Proteins**- Positive
 * Fats and Oils**-Negative


 * Potato**
 * Simple Sugar-**Positive
 * Starches-**Positive
 * Proteins-**Positive
 * Fats and Oils-**Negative

All of the foods contain proteins. Proteins catalyze reactions in our bodies, transport molecules such as oxygen, keep us healthy as part of the immune system and transmit messages from cell to cell. Proteins also help the body build and repair cells and tissues.

http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Uniquely-Me/Science-Ideas-and-Concepts/Role-of-proteins-in-the-body

=Biomolecule Extra Credit= Does muscle weigh more than fat?

After doing extensive research, I have found that the saying muscle weighs more than fat is a myth. It is kind of like saying, which weighs more, a pound of feathers or a pound of bricks? However they do differ in density. For example if you took five pounds of muscle and five pounds of fat and put them side by side, the five pounds of fat would take up more space, or volume, than the muscle. Many people make the statement when they put on weight. Normally people will say I gained three pounds and I’ve been working out and the normal response is, it’s all muscle. This is a comforting statement but it is impossible to gains three pounds of muscle in a week. This was really shocking to me because I have always been told that muscle weighed more than fat and that if you are working out and gain some weight it is normal because you are gaining muscle.

[|www.everydayhealth.com/weight/busting-the-muscle-weighs-more-than-fat-myth.aspx] [|www.weightwatchers.com/util/art/index_art.aspx?tabnum=1&art_id=8311]

Why do some people have higher metabolisms than others?

Many things such as your age, gender, proportion of lean body mass, and heredity determine your metabolism. Some people just burn calories slower than others, and some burn calories faster. There are some things that can make your metabolisms slow, such as a defect in the thyroid gland, though this is very rare. An interesting fact I found that was very surprising to me was that the more weight you carry, the faster your metabolism is likely running. I always thought that people who weighed less had a faster metabolism because they didn’t have as much weight to carry.

[|www.webmd.com/diet/features/make-most-your-metabolism]

media type="custom" key="25079212" =Protein Synthesis Review Questions= First, RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA into single strands. Then one of the strands are used as a template and RNA polymerase attaches complementary nucleotides to the template. Take note that RNA is used and uracil replaces thymine. Once the template is matched with its complementary RNA strand, the resulting molecule is called mRNA. The mRNA then breaks off from the template strand and moves out of the nucleus through the nuclear pore and moves into the cytoplasm, which begins translation. DNA then returns to its original double-helix formation. First, mRNA comes into contact with ribosomes. Next mRNA sequences are read in sets of three nucleotides, or codons. The ribosome begins translation at the start codon, which is composed of the nucleotide sequence AUG. The start codon is called methionine. tRNA molecules then transfer the amino acid to the ribosome. tRNA with a complementary anticodon temporarily binds to the codon. The ribosome reads the next codon and another tRNA with a complementary anticodon binds. A peptide bond joins the two amino acids, as the ribosome continues down the mRNA strand the first tRNA falls off, leaving its amino acid. Finally the ribosome continues on until reaching the stop codon, where the last tRNA falls off, leaving a chain of amino acids, which will then fold upon itself to give it its function. DNA uses deoxyribose sugar and RNA uses ribose sugar, DNA uses thymine and RNA uses uracil, and finally DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded. tRNA—Transfer RNA that carries amino acids to organelles called ribosomes, where they are linked to proteins. mRNA—Messenger RNA carries codes from the DNA in the nucleus to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm (ribosomes) rRNA—Ribosomal RNA makes up the cells that forms part of the protein synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome. RNA polymerase DNA molecule
 * What are the steps of transcription?**
 * What are the steps of translation?**
 * List three differences between DNA and RNA**
 * List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it)**
 * What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA?**
 * Which molecule contains the genetic code?**

media type="custom" key="25203076"

=XYY Karyotype (Mutation Project)= Single Gene or Chromosomal Mutation? Chromosomal Mutation

Other name(s) Jacob’s syndrome XYY syndrome YY syndrome 47, XYY syndrome

Symptoms Commonly the extra Y chromosome causes no unusual physical features or medical problems. The condition is usually detected only during genetic analysis for another reason. Boys with the extra Y chromosome have an average final height approximately 3 inches above expected final height. They also have an increased risk of learning difficulties and delayed speech and language skills.

Prevalence This condition occurs in about 1 in 1,000 newborn boys. Five to ten boys are born with the condition every day in the United States.

Cause This condition is caused by the presence of an extra copy of the Y chromosome in each of the male’s cells. As a result of this extra Y chromosome, each cell hast 47 chromosomes instead of 46.

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=Intro to fuel economy= 1. The relationship between the fuel economy and the taxes in a given country is usually the amount of money paid for taxes is half of the money paid for prices at the pumps. 2. US- Cars Netherlands-Train or bus France- Railways Germany-Railways and buses UK-Car, train, or waterway Spain-Car, airplane and bus Canada-Car, waterways, and railways 3. Using mass transportation is better for the environment, but in the charts it shows that countries who do use mass transportation have higher taxes.